• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 2016

In case of the Sea Areas Utilization Consultation about fishery harbor facilities there has been problems excepting a mooring facility and having the same scope of business subject with harbor, while those scale are different. In this study, we analyzed the 17 cases of the statements for Sea Areas Utilization Consultation according to the development projects of fishery harbors for 2013-2014 and suggested the improvement way to go. First, it is needed to reassess the scope of business subject about fishery harbor because the environmental effects about the development projects for the fishery harbor are not considered separately by facilities, development project for the fishery harbor. Therefore, the reassessment about them are needed surely. Second, the adjustment of the range about fishery harbor facilities on the Sea Area Utilization Consultation is needed because in case of most small fishery ports, the sizes of those facilities are less than the boundary area ($50,000m^2$). Last, consultation subjects shall be more clear in order to protect confusions-related with applying for the Consultation on Utilization of Sea Areas. A new rule for clarifying consultation on business subjects is needed in order to reduce the unclarity and the confusions from being occurred by difference between 'occupancy or use permit of public waters' and 'exclusion of application' and business subjects according to the Public Waters Management and Reclamation Act and the Marine Environment Management Act, respectively.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.203-213
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• 1998

To investigate impacts of waste disposal on the marine environment for 9 years since dumping activity commenced in the Yellow Sea, chemical analysis of seawater has been done in and around the ocean dumping site. Results show that biogeochemical changes have occurred locally in the dumping area compared with the reference area, resulting in low dissolved oxygen saturation, low pH, and high accumulation of nutrients in the bottom layer. According to cluster analysis, chemical environment of the study area can be largely divided into surface layer and bottom layer, and again the bottom layer can be divided into that of dumping area where nutrients are accumulated and that of reference area. Low pH, low dissolved oxygen, high COD and accumulation of nutrients mainly characterize the dumping area. Average concentration of total inorganic nitrogen in the bottom layer below the thermocline has increased from $3.7{\mu}M$ to $9.5{\mu}M$, 250% accumulation in the dumping area since 1988. Therefore, the present results clearly show that the dumping site of Yellow Sea has received excessive sewage input beyond the environmental assimilatory capacity during the last decade. It may result in serious aggravation of seawater quality and basic ecosystem, and devastation of overall fishing grounds of Yellow Sea in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.679-686
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• 1997

In order to investigate the distribution characteristics of polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) at the southern of Korean East Sea, vertical measurements of temperature, salinity, DO and PCBs were performed by each depth of 5 stations during August - October 1996. Thermocline and salinocline were generally existed at depth of 30 m and water mass current of midwater in the southern of Korean East Sea was distributed below 30 m depth. The distribution of surface water mass in this area was extended to Tsusima area from the southern offshore of the Korean last Sea. In August 1996, concentration range of PCBs had $0.22\~0.36\;ng/\ell$ at surface layer and their concentrations at near Tsusima offshore were relatively decreased. Total mean concentration of PCBs was $0.29\;ng/\ell$ in the sea surface and $0.31\;ng/\ell$ in the middle layer. PCBs seemed to correlate well with suspended particles. And vortical and horizontal distribution of their concentrations showed comparatively uniform pattern. Relatively high compositional ratio of Di- and Tri-PCBs could be found at the sea surface, while compositional ratio of Penta-PCBs dominates over other congener at deep layer.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.259-271
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• 1993

The distributions of bottom sediments and the depositional processes on the continental shelves of Korean Seas are interpreted. Generally the continental shelf sediments can be classified into the sand-facies and mud-facies, showing the typical bimodal size distributions Most of the sandy and gravelly sediments on the outer shelf floor are interpreted as "relict" sediments that were deposited during the last glacial times when the sea level was lower than the present. On the other hand the muddy sediments on the inner shelf area are interpreted as "recent" sediments that are deposited under the present environment conditions. It is understood that most of the fine materials cannot escape the inner shelf area due to the strong tidal and coastal fronts, and are transported eastward from the West Sea along the southern coast of Korean Peninsula. The dark-colored muddy sediments in the Hupo Basin of the East Sea are, however, considered to be "relict" sediments. In the midshelf area fine materials are mixed with the relict coarse sediments, and some of the relict sediments are continuously reworked under the present environmental conditions forming the "palimpsest" sediments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.53-70
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• 1990

Much efforts have been made to improve the training education system for last decades. however, it still leaves much room form improving the system. The reason for this is that the have been many changes in given educational conditions, national and international, and that there existed the lack of training facilities on shore and the limits of capacity on the training ship. The existing program adopts a straight-through system of which the course has to be completed at same time, and also forces students to study the course, disregarding their aptitude for sea life. Consequently, the program resulted in frustrating the learning desire of some students and, as a consequence, in deteriorating the quality of the entire training education. This paper aims to develop an efficient training program including curriculla by the literature survey and the teaching and sea experiences on the training ship "HANBADA" and merchant ships, where the authors have been for many years. Compared with the existing one, the new training model suggested in this paper has some advantages as follows : First, the new model adopts multi-state system which consists of various short-term training courses according to each purpose. This system will be helpful for student to find their aptitude for sea life earlier and to understand classes of major subjection shore. Second, the model includes new curriculla which consist of core subjects (for example, navigation, marine operation, marine transportation, watch keeping and nautical English for deck cadets and internal and external combustion engine, auxiliary machinery, electric and electronics and engine maintenance for engine cadets), by incorporating existing 20 subjects in 5 subjects. These curriculla may contribute to embodying the characteristics of training education where the above mentioned subjects must be linked with each other. In order to implement this new training model efficiently and effectively, the following prerequisties must be prepared : $\circled1$ The contents of each subject included in the new model should be systematically developed. $\circled2$ The educational schedule should be adjusted according to the new model.new model.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.445-453
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• 2013

Walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma fisheries in Korean waters have changed dramatically during the last three decades: the highest catches occurred in 1981, followed by continuous decreases through the 1990s, ending with a complete collapse of the population in the 2000s. The major spawning ground of walleye pollock is located in North Korean waters, and some juveniles (called nogari in Korean, <300 mm) migrate to the south for feeding and growth. Since the 1960s, Korean fishermen have often caught juveniles, and the weight (metric tons) of juvenile catch was recorded from 1975-1997. However, because the walleye pollock were not aged, the population age structure was not delineated. We developed a model to estimate the number of walleye pollock of each size class based on catch statistics of adults and juveniles, the catch proportion of each size class, and length and weight information on specimens collected by Danish-seine and drift-gill-net fisheries. The model results demonstrated that the recruitment size of walleye pollock was consistently within the 200-250mm size class, and the highest number of this size class occurred in 1981, although values greatly fluctuated interannually. The number of juvenile pollock was 10.4 times higher than that of adult pollock during 1975-1997. The total yield of juvenile pollock was 0.95 million tons, which was equivalent to about 68.2% of total pollock production. The number of juvenile pollock caught during the same period, however, was 16 billion, comprising about 91.2% of the total number caught. Such high fishing pressure on juvenile pollock is considered one of the main factors causing the collapse of the pollock population.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.357-365
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• 1994

The sediments on the continental shelf off the west coast (middle part) of Korea are divided into northern sandy deposits and southern muddy sediments, respectively. The sandy sediments consist dominantly of quartz and feldspar grains, representing mature-stage sediment in composition. Further-more, the presence of iron-stained quartz grain and glauconite does indicate that the sediments are similar to the relict sediments on the outer shelf of Yellow Sea and East China Sea. These sandy sediments are interpreted as a basal sands that were deposited during the transgression period due to sea-level rise after to last glacial maximum (LGM). The tidal deposits in the Namyang Bay, the west coast of Korea are divided vertically into the upper layer of muddy sediments and the lower layer of sandy sediments. the upper layer sediments contain abundant rock fragments, and are interpreted as the modern tetragenous sediments. The lower layer sediments, on the other hand, are rich in quartz and feldspar grains, representing high index of sediment maturity ratio. the lower layer sandy deposits show the presence of iron-stained.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.654-655
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• 2003

Korea has experienced 10 a Cochlodinium polykrikoides red tide outbreaks during the last 10 years (1993-2002). The monitoring activities at National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) in Korea have been extended to all the coastal waters after the worst of fish killing by C. polykrikoides blooms in 1995. NFRDI is looking forward to finding out the feasibility of red tide detection around Korean waters using satellite remote sensing of NOAA/AVHRR, Orbview-2/SeaWiFS, IRS-P4/OCM and Terra/MODIS on real time base. In this study, we used several alternative methods including climatological analysis, spectral and optical methods which may offer a potential detection of the major species of red tide in Korean waters. The relationship between the distribution of SST and C. polykrikoides bloom areas was studied. In climatological analysis, NOAA, SeaWiFS, OCM satellite data in 20th and 26th August 2001 were chosen using the known C. polykrikoides red tide bloom area mapped by helicopter reconnaissance and ground observation. The 26th August, 2001 SeaWiFS chlorophyll a anomaly imageries against the imageries of non-occurring red tide for August 20, 2001 showed the areas C. polykrikoides occurred. The anomalies of chlorophyll a concentration from satellite data between before and after red tide outbreaks showed the similar distribution of C. polykrikoides red tide in 26th August, 2001. The distribution of the difference in SST between daytime and nighttime also showed the possibility of red tide detection. We used corrected vegetation index (CVI) to detect floating vegetation and submerged vegetation containing algal blooms. The simple result of optical absorption from C. polykrikoides showed that if we use the optical characteristics of each red tide we will be able to get the feasibility of the red tide detection.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-20
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• 1990

The Port of Pusan, the largest port in Korea, handled 23% of total sea borne cargo movement, 14% of imported cargo, 58% of exported cargo and 95% of container cargo in 1989. Also the port of Pusan has been played a key role in handing container cargo throughout the last 10 years. The paper is aimed to survey the effect of sea borne cargo movement to urban transportation, that is, to find traffic volume arising by general/bulk cargoes through the port and to estimate vehicle rated of container tractor tailer on the roads between terminal including conventional piers and ODCY, and finally the following results are obtained. (1) AADV of truck to transport general/bulk cargoes are 6,322 units in 1989,and routes penetrate into the center of city and pass through the most of urban arterials. (2) In the container transport, if HVEF is adopted to 3 of tractor trailer, AVR in each transport freeway 13.7%. (3) IF HVEF is adopted to 6 of tractor trailer. AVR are as follows: BooDoo-Ro 44.1%, WooAm-Ro 39.3%, SooYoung-Ro 17.8%, Urban freeway 20.3%. Based upon these results, the following suggestions were drawn : o ODCY scattered around the city should be unified in a few groups to raise port productivity. o Rail service for inland container transportation should be escalated to relieve urban traffic congestion. o Coastal feeder service between terminal and hinterland should be studied to restrict the penetration of container tractor trailer into the central parts in the urban areas. o Exclusive freeway system for effective container transportation should be implemented to reduce urban traffic delay.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.339-352
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• 2015

This study analyzed the change in tropical cyclone (TC) activity according to the fluctuation in July-to-September average North Pacific Oscillation index (NPOI) and its underlying large-scale environment during the last 37 years from 1977 to 2013. For this purpose, seven years with highest index NPOI value (positive NPOI phase) and another seven years with lowest NPOI index value (negative NPOI phase) among the 37 years were selected as sample after excluding the ENSO years. During the positive NPOI phase, TCs were created in the east of tropical and subtropical western North Pacific and moved to the west from the Philippines toward the southern region in China or toward far eastern sea of Japan. Meanwhile, during the negative NPOI phase, TCs tended to proceed to the north toward Korea or Japan passing East China Sea from the eastern sea of the Philippines. As a result, also in the TC recurvature, TCs in positive NPOI phase showed a tendency of recurving toward more eastern direction compared to TCs in negative NPOI phase. Hence, TC intensity was stronger in negative NPOI phase which allowed more time for obtaining energy from the ocean.