• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2006

Purpose: Oral mucositis is a common toxicity of radiation or chemotherapy, which is used a treatment for head and neck cancer. We investigated effects of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) on radiation-induced oral mucositis in rat model. Materials and Methods: Spraque-Dawley rats (7 per group) exposed to a single dose of 25 Gy (day 0) on their head, except for one group, were randomly divided into un-treated, vehicle-treated, and two rhEGF-treated groups. Rats were topically applied with rhEGF (15 or $30{\mu}g/oral$ cavity/day) or vehicle to their oral mucosa. Survival rate of rats, weight changes, and food intakes were examined from day 0 to 18 after radiation. Histology study was performed from oral mucosa of rats at day 7 and 18 after radiation. Results: rhEGF-treated groups (15 or $30{\mu}g/oral$) showed all survival rate 33%, whereas un-treated and vehicle-treated groups showed all survival rate 0% at the end of experiment. rhEGF-treated groups statistically had less weight loss compared to vehicle-treated group from day 2 to 7 after radiation. Food intake of rats with rhEGF treatment turned to increase at day 14 after radiation. At 7 day after radiation, un-treated and vehicle-treated groups showed severe pseudomembraneous or ulcerative oral mucositis. On the other hand, rhEGF-treated groups had no more than cellular swelling and degeneration of epidermal cells in oral mucosa of rats. Conclusion: These results suggest that rhEGF has significantly positive effects on radiation-induced oral mucositis in rats. rhEGF display a therapeutic potential on a clinical level.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.447-454
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• 1998

Purpose : This study evaluated the survival, local control, prognostic factor, and failure pattern of patients with esophageal cancer treated with operation and adjuvant radiation therapy to use as fundermental data of postoperative radiation therapy. Materials and Methods : A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 82 patients who had locally advanced esophageal cancer treated with operation and adjuvant radiation therapy from January 1988 to December 1995. According to AJCC staging, stage IIA were in 26 patients, stage IIB in 4 patients, and stage III in 52 patients. Squamous cell carcinoma were in 77 patients, adenosquamous carcinoma in 3 patients, and adenocarcinoma in 2 patients. The patients received radiation therapy ranging from 41.0 Gy to 64.8 Gy. Five patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Results : Two-year survival and local control rates for all patients were 36.8$\%$ and 30.4$\%$ respectively. And they were 9.3$\%$ and 26.3$\%$ respectively at 5 years. According to stages, 2-year survival rates were 50.2$\%$ in IIA, 0$\%$ in IIB and 23.3$\%$ in III (p=0.004). Two-year local control rates were 49.2 $\%$ in IIA, 66.6$\%$ in IIB and 24.7$\%$ in III (p=0.01). Sixty patients developed recurrence, which were 3 tumor margin, 23 lymph node recurrence, 4 tumor margin and lymph node, 1 tumor margin and distant metastasis, 9 lymph node and distant metastasis, 17 distant metastasis and 3 unknown metastatic site. Prognostic factors affecting survival were smoking (p=0.02), T-staging (p=0.0092), N-staging (p=0.0045). Prognostic factors affecting local control were T-staging (p=0.019), N-staging (p=0.047). Conclusion : In spite of post-operative radiation therapy, predominant failure pattern was local failure. Especially regional lymph node failure was major cause of local failure. So strategy of aggresive adjuvant radiation therapy to regional lymph node area in post operative treatment should be proposed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.5 s.85
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• pp.634-640
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• 2007

Our previous study suggested that n-3 fatty acid deficiency was associated with significantly reduced spatial learning as assessed by Morris water maze test. Here we investigated an effect of n-3 fatty acid deficiency on rat brain, retina and serum fatty acyl compositions at 15 wks age using a first generational artificial rearing technique. Newborn Rat pups were separated on day 2 and assigned to two artificial rearing groups or a dam-reared control group. Pups were hand fed artificial milk via custom-designed nursing bottles containing either 0.02%(n-3 Deficient) or 3.1% (n-3 Adequate) of total fatty acids as a-linolenic acid(LNA). At day 21, rats were weaned to either n-3 deficient or n-3 adequate pelleted diets and fatty acid compositions of brain, retina and liver were analyzed at 15 wks age. Brain docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) was lower(58% and 61%, P<0.05) in n-3 deficient in comparison to n-3 adequate and dam-reared groups, receptively, while brain docosapentaenoic acid(DPAn-6) was increased in the n-3 deficient group. In retina and serum fatty acid compositions, the decreased precentage of DHA and increased precentage of DPAn-6 were observed. These results suggested that artificial rearing method can be used to produce n-3 fatty acid deficiency in the first generation and that adequate brain DHA levels are required for optimal brain function.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2014

Purpose: Although vitamin D deficiency is more commonly found in cancer patient than in non-cancer patients, there have been little data regarding the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in cancer patients at the very end of life. We examined vitamin D deficiency in terminally ill cancer patients and related factors. Methods: This study was based on a retrospective chart review of 133 patients in a hospice ward. We collected data regarding age, sex, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, cancer type, physical performance, current medications and various laboratory findings. We investigated factors related to serum vitamin D levels after multivariate adjustment for potential confounders. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<20 ng/mL was considered deficient and <10 ng/mL severely deficient. Results: Ninety-five percent of the patients were serum vitamin D deficient. Severe vitamin D deficiency was more common in male patients, non-lung cancer patients, $H_2$ blocker users and non-anticonvulsant users. Elevated levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were also associated with low serum vitamin D levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that severe vitamin D deficiency was associated with male gender (aOR 3.82, 95% CI: 1.50~9.72, P=0.005), $H_2$ blocker users (aOR 3.94, 95% CI: 1.61~9.65, P=0.003) and elevated serum ALT levels (aOR 4.52, 95% CI: 1.35~15.19, P=0.015). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among terminally ill cancer patients. Severe vitamin D deficiency was more common in male patients, $H_2$ blocker users, and patients with elevated ALT levels.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1996

Zanthoxylum piperitum and Z. schinifolium have been utilized not only as food stuffs, but also as medicinal plants in Korea. In this study, lipids, sugar, amino acids and other components of Zanthoxylum piperitum and Z. schinifolium peels and seeds were analyzed by HPLC and GLC. Four samples contained common fatty acids such as linoleic, linolenic, palmitic, oleic and stearic acid. The contents of unsaturated fatty acids were 87.1% and 64.8% in Z. schinifolium peels and seeds, 73.6% and 62.9% in Z. piperitum peels and seeds, respectively. Z. schinifolium peels contained only beta-sitosterol, whereas other three samples contained campesterol, stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol. In case of free amino acids, peels of both species showed higher contents of acids than seeds of both species. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, valine, and leucine were found in all four samples. Essential oils consisted of limonene (30.1-66.8%), beta-phellandrene (4.8-13.3%), citronellal (1.5-22%) and cineol (1.6-3.9%). It is worthwhile to note that the content of citronellal in Z. schinifolium seeds was higher than that of the others.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.333-341
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• 2016

This study examined the beauty food activities of water and ethanol extracts from Tetragonia tetragonioides. Content of phenolic compounds extracted with water and 50% ethanol extracts were 3.29 mg/g and 4.14 mg/g, respectively. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activities of water and ethanol extracts were 98.45% and 91.20%, respectively, at $200{\mu}g/mL$ of phenolics. 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical decolorization activity was 97.28% for water extracts and 97.83% for ethanol extracts at $100{\mu}g/mL$ of phenolics. Antioxidant protection factor (PF) was 1.77 PF for water and ethanol extracts at $200{\mu}g/mL$ of phenolics. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances of water and ethanol extracts were 94.77% and 95.64%, respectively, at $100{\mu}g/mL$ of phenolics. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity, which is related to skin-whitening, was confirmed to be 34.96% for ethanol extracts at $200{\mu}g/mL$ of phenolics. Elastase inhibitory activity and anti-wrinkle effect of 50% ethanol extracts were 78.9% at $200{\mu}g/mL$ of phenolics. Collagenase inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts was 61.29% at $200{\mu}g/mL$ of phenolics. Astringent effect was not detected in water extracts but was 7.82% for 50% ethanol extracts at $200{\mu}g/mL$ of phenolics. Hyaluronidase inhibitory activity as a measure of anti-inflammation was confirmed to be 81.04% for water extracts at $200{\mu}g/mL$ of phenolics. Based on these results, Tetragonia tetragonioides extracts can be used as a functional material and functional beauty food with antioxidant effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2015

In this study, hot water extract from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves fermented with Hericium erinaceum mycelium (SBT-HE) was assessed for protection against oxidative modification of biological macromolecules and cell death. Antioxidant activity of SBT-HE was evaluated based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical, and peroxyl radical scavenging assays. SBT-HE showed 65.06% DPPH radical scavenging activity at $500{\mu}g/mL$, 98.83% ABTS radical scavenging activity at $50{\mu}g/mL$, and 44.03% peroxyl radical scavenging activity at $100{\mu}g/mL$. SBT-HE significantly inhibited DNA strand breakage induced by peroxyl radical. SBT-HE also prevented peroxyl radical-mediated human serum albumin modification. SBT-HE effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced cell death and significantly increased cell survival by 21.59% at $100{\mu}g/mL$. SBT-HE also reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in $H_2O_2$-treated cells. The results suggest that SBT-HE can contribute to antioxidant activity and protect cells from oxidative stress-induced cell injury.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.59-68
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the economic analysis of fermented diet made of agricultural and marine by-products such as, dropped apples, persimmon shells, mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) by-products, king oyster mushroom by-products and brewer's grain in Berkshire or crossed pigs. The daily diet cost were decreased by 2.16~3.44%, 3.83~13.35% and 7.47~41.61% when fermented dropped apples diet, fermented persimmon shells diet and fermented mushroom (F. velutipes) by-products diet were fed to Berkshire pigs. The daily feed cost was also decreased by 1.59~4.05% and 59.09~66.90% when fermented king oyster mushroom by-products diet and fermented brewer's grain diet were fed to crossed pigs. Carcass prices were increased by 3.09%, 1.20~3.40% and 1.13% when 2% fermented dropped apples diet, fermented persimmon shells diet and 0.5~1.0% fermented mushroom (F. velutipes) by-products diet were fed to Berkshire pigs. Carcass prices were increased by 2.87~4.19% and 41.31~49.14% when fermented king oyster mushroom by-products diet and fermented brewer's grain were fed to crossed pigs. Therefore, fermented agro by-products diet of dropped apples, persimmon shells, king oyster mushroom, mushroom (F. velutipes) and brewer's grain was expected to improve swine farms income due to decreased diet cost and increased carcass prices in Berkshire pigs or crossed pigs.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.217-223
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• 1997

This study was performed to determine if women with day 3 serum inhibin-B concentrations <45pg/ml (conversion factor to SI unit, 1.00) demonstrate a poor response to ovulation induction and assisted reproductive technology outcome to women with inhibin-B${\ge}45pg$/ml, independant of day 3 FSH, E2 and patient age. From Jan 1996 to Dec 1996, 16 volunteers patients who underwent 25 IVF cycles with luteal phase GnRH agonist suppression and HMG stimulation were allocated to the study group. We evaluated day 3 serum inhibin-B, FSH, E2, peak E2, cancellation rate per initiated cycle (%) and clinical pregnancy rate per initiated cycle (%) according to the above two groups and independent of patient age, day 3 FSH, day 3 E2 and all of above combined. Women with day 3 serum inhibin-B${\ge}45pg$/ml demonstrated higher average day 3 inhibin-B level, clinical pregnancy rate per initiated cycle ($20.3{\pm}2.5$ pg/ml vs $80.9{\pm}5.0$ pg/ml, p<0.05; 24.8% vs 8.5%, p<0.05) and lower day 3 FSH level, cancellation rate per initiated cycle ($6.9{\pm}0.3$ mIU/ml vs $8.5{\pm}0.5$ mIU/ml, p<0.05; 1.5% vs 9.0%, p<0.05). Women with day 3 serum inhibin${\ge}45pg$/ml and age<40 year demonstrated higher pregnancy rate per initiated cycle (28.2% vs 7.4%, p<0.05) and lows. day 3 FSH level, cancellation rate per initiated cycle ($6.9{\pm}0.5$ mIU/ml vs $8.2{\pm}0.7$ mIU/ml, p<0.05; 1.0% vs 9.0%, p<0.05). Women with day 3 serum inhibin${\ge}45pg$/ml and day 3 FSH<15mIU/ml demonstrated higher pregnancy rate per initiated cycle (33.5% vs 9.5%, p<0.05) and lower day 3 FSH level, cancellation rate per initiated cycle ($7.7{\pm}0.2$ mIU/ml vs $8.5{\pm}0.5$ mIU/ml, p<0.05; 1.5% vs 10.0%, p<0.05). Women with day 3 serum inhibin${\ge}45pg$/ml and day 3 E2<50pg/ml demonstrated higher pregnancy rate per initiated cycle (30.0% vs 9.5%, p<0.05) and lower cancellation rate per initiated cycle (1.5% vs 9.5%, p<0.05). Women with day 3 serum inhibin${\ge}45pg$/ml, age<40 year, day 3 FSH<15mIU/ml and day 3 E2<50pg/ml demonstrated higher pregnancy rate per initiated cycle (30.0% vs 10.8%, p<0.05) and lower day 3 FSH level, cancellation rate per initiated cycle ($6.8{\pm}0.6$ mIU/ml vs $8.4{\pm}0.9$ mIU/ml, p<0.05; 1.5% vs 7.8%, p<0.05). Therefore women with low day 3 serum inhibin-B concentrations demonstrate a poorer response to ovulation induction and are less likely to conceive a clinical pregnancy though ART relative to women with high day 3 inhibin-B and day 3 serum inhibin-B, in addition to a day 3 FSH, E2 and patient age, appears helpful in prediction in IVF-ET outcome.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.806-817
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• 2021

Increasing evidence suggests that depression is associated with impairments in neural plasticity. Sirtuin 1 plays an important role in neural plasticity, and the activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling is known to improve neural plasticity. In this study, we aimed to determine whether sirtuin 1 affects dendrite outgrowth and spine formation through mTORC1 signaling. Resveratrol (sirtuin 1 activator; 1 and 10 μM) and sirtinol (sirtuin 1 inhibitor; 1 and 10 μM) were treated in primary cortical culture with and without dexamethasone (500 μM). Levels of sirtuin 1, phospho-extracellular signal regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), phospho-mTORC1, and phospho-p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) were evaluated using Western blot analysis. Dendritic outgrowth and spine density were assessed using immunostaining. Resveratrol significantly increased levels of sirtuin 1 expression and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (a downstream target of sirtuin 1), mTORC1, and p70S6K (a downstream target of mTORC1) in a concentration-dependent manner under dexamethasone conditions. Resveratrol also significantly increased dendritic outgrowth and spine density. Conversely, sirtinol significantly decreased levels of sirtuin 1 expression and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, mTORC1, and p70S6K in a concentration-dependent manner under normal conditions. Moreover, sirtinol significantly decreased dendritic outgrowth and spine density. Consistent with the results of sirtinol, sirtuin 1 knockdown using sirtuin 1 siRNA transfection significantly decreased dendritic outgrowth and spine density as well as phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and mTORC1. These data suggest that sirtuin 1 enhances dendritic outgrowth and spine density by activating mTORC1 signaling.