• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.101-115
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• 2018

Objective: The goals of this research were (1)to examine the relationship among parental conflict, mothers' depression and preschoolers' sleep problems, and (2) to examine the mediating effects of mothers' depression between marital conflict and preschoolers' sleep problems. Methods: The participants were 1,639 mothers with preschoolers taken from the 5th year Korean Children Panel. Date were analyzed using descriptive statistics, partial correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The results were as follows: First, preschoolers' sleep problems were positively related to marital conflicts. Second, preschoolers' sleep problems were positively related to mothers' depression. Third, marital conflict was positively related to mothers' depression. Lastly, mothers' depression fully mediated the relationship between marital conflict and preschoolers' sleep problems. That is, marital conflict had an effect on preschoolers' sleep problem, only through mothers' depression. Conclusion/Implications: Based on the results, intervention programs should be developed to prevent preschoolers' sleep problems such as marital relationship improvement programs and mothers' depression improvement programs.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.179-190
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• 2013

This study investigated the influences of ego-resilience, positive affects, and negative affects on stress levels in children. The subjects were 245 5th-graders. The results indicated that : (1) Ego-resiliency and positive affects were significantly positively related to each other, and these variables were significantly negatively related to negative affects and stress. (2) Ego-resiliency had a direct effect on children's stress. Additionally, positive affects and negative affects mediated between ego-resiliency and stress; this means children who had high ego-resiliency experienced more positive affects, which led to lesser negative affects and reduced levels of stress.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.65-76
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• 2002

The purpose of this study win to examine the relation between level of income, perceived parental behaviors, and ego-identity of school-aged children. The subjects were 356 children in the 6th grade selected from six elementary schools in Seoul and Keunggi-Do. The subjects were asked to complete the questionnaire on ego-identity and perceived parental behaviors. The data was analyzed by Mean, SD, Cronbach's α, Pearson's correlation and Multiple Regression. The major findings were as follows : 1. The level of income(antecedent variable) was significantly related with perceived parental behavior(mediator) and ego-identity of school-aged children(dependent variable). 2. The effects of level of income on ego-identity of school-aged children became lower after control of the effects of perceived parental behaviors. In other words, perceived parental behaviors partially mediated the effects of level of income on ego-identity of school-aged children.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.55-62
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• 2003

The mucosal immune system provides a first line of defense against invasion of infectious agents via inhalation, ingestion and sexual contact. For the induction of protective immunity at these invasion sites, one must consider the use of the CMIS, which interconnects inductive tissues, including PP and NALT, and effector tissues of the intestinal, respiratory and genitourinary tracts. In order for the CMIS to induce maximal protective mucosal immunity, co-administration of mucosal adjuvant or use of mucosal antigen delivery vehicle has been shown to be essential. When vaccine antigen is administered via oral or nasal route, antigen-specific Th 1 and Th2 cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTLs) and IgA B cell responses are effectively induced by the CMIS. In the early stages of induction of mucosal immune response, the uptake of orally or nasally administered antigens is achieved through a unique set of antigen-sampling cells, M cells located in follicle-associated epithelium(FAE) of inductive sites. After successful uptake, the antigens are immediately processed and presented by the underlying DCs for the generation of antigen-specific T cells and IgA committed B cells. These antigen-specific lymphocytes are then home to the distant mucosal effector tissues for the induction of antigen-specific humoral(e.g., IgA) and cell-mediated (e.g., CTL and Th1) immune responses in order to form the first line of defense. Elucidation of the molecular/cellular characteristics of the immunological sequence of mucosal immune response beginning from the antigen sampling and processing/presentation by M cells and mucosal DCs followed by the effector phase with antigen-specific lymphocytes will greatly facilitate the design of a new generation of effective mucosal antigen-specific lymphocytes will greatly facilitate the design of a new generation of a new generation of effective mucosal adjuvants and of a vaccine deliver vehicle that maximizes the use of the CMIS.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.435-446
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• 2018

This study investigated relationships between primary caregivers' life satisfaction and abuse mediated by children's life satisfaction. We included term panel data for 3 years (2013-2015) from the 4th year to the 6th year of 2,067 children in the first grade of elementary school of the Korean Youth and Youth Panel(KCYPS)(2015); in addition, three years' longitudinal panel data (2013-2015) were analyzed utilizing SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 22.0 to measure Latent Growth Model(LGM) term relationships between variables. Analysis results were as follows. First, the life satisfaction of the primary caregiver, the life satisfaction of the child, and abuse gradually decreased from the fourth grade to the sixth grade. Second, the initial status of primary caregivers' life satisfaction influenced the initial status of the children's life satisfaction, and the initial status and change in the abuse rate. Third, the rate of change of life satisfaction of the primary caregiver did not have a significant effect on the change in the abuse rate and the rate of change of life satisfaction of the child. The initial value of the life satisfaction of the child played a partial mediating role in the relationship between the initial value of the life satisfaction of the primary caregiver, initial value of the abuse, and abuse change rate. The results suggest that a program to improve the life satisfaction of the 4th grade elementary school should be developed and applied.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.186-193
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Before generating transgenic plant using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, the efficiency test of sgRNAs is recommended to reduce the time and effort for plant transformation and regeneration process. The efficiency of the sgRNA can be measured through the transient expression of sgRNA and Cas9 gene in tomato cotyledon; however, we found that the calculated efficiency showed a large variation. It is necessary to increase the precision of the experiment to obtain reliable sgRNA efficiency data from transient expression. METHODS AND RESULTS: The cotyledon of 11^th, 15^th, 19^th, and 23^rd-day-old tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) were used for expressing CRISPR-Cas9 transiently. The agrobacterium harboring sgRNA for targeting ALS2 gene of tomato was injected through the stomata of leaf adaxial side and the genomic DNA was extracted in 5 days after injection. The target gene edition was identified by amplifying DNA fragment of target region and analyzing with Illumina sequencing method. The target gene editing efficiency was calculated by counting base deletion and insertion events from total target sequence read. CONCLUSION: The CRISPR-Cas9 editing efficiency varied with tomato cotyledon age. The highest efficiency was observed at the 19-day-old cotyledons. Both the median and mean were the highest at this stage and the sample variability was also minimized. We found that the transgene of CRISPR-Cas9 system was strongly correlated with plant leaf development and suggested the optimum cotyledon leaf age for Agrobacterium-mediated transfection in tomato.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.35.1-35.16
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• 2022

Tobacco smoking (TS) has been known as one of the most potent risk factors for airway inflammatory diseases. However, there has been a paucity of information regarding the immunologic alteration mediated by TS in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). To identify the effect of TS, we harvested human tissue samples (never smoker: n=41, current smoker: n=22, quitter: n=23) and analyzed the expression of epithelial-derived cytokines (EDCs) such as IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. The expressions of Th2 cytokines and total serum IgE showed a type-2 inflammatory alteration by TS. In addition, the epithelial marker E-cadherin and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated markers (N-cadherin, α-SMA, and vimentin) were evaluated. Histological analysis showed that EDC expressions were upregulated in the current smoker group and downregulated in the quitter group. These expression patterns were consistent with mRNA and protein expression levels. We also found that the local Th2 cytokine expression and IgE class switching, as well as serum IgE levels, were elevated in the current smoker group and showed normal levels in the quitter group. Furthermore, the expressions of E-cadherin decreased while those of N-cadherin, α-SMA, and vimentin increased in the current smoker group compared those in the never smoker group. Taken together, these results indicate that TS contributes to the deterioration of pathogenesis by releasing local EDCs and Th2 cytokines, resulting in EMT in patients with CRSwNP. We verified that alterations of immunological response by TS in sinonasal epithelium can play a vital role in leading to CRSwNP.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.75-84
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• 2021

This study sought to verify the mediating effect of job satisfaction and interpersonal relationships in the effect of disability acceptance of employed people with developmental disabilities on life satisfaction. To this end, we perform a structural equation model analysis using the 4th survey data in 2019, which has the highest level of communication among the 2nd wave of employment panel for the disabled, resulting in the following results. First, it has been confirmed that the degree of disability acceptance of employed people with developmental disabilities has a positive affect on their life satisfaction. Second, Third, job satisfaction are mediated in the effect of disability acceptance of employed people with developmental disabilities on life satisfaction. Third, interpersonal relationships are mediated in the effect of disability acceptance of employed people with developmental disabilities on life satisfaction. Based on the above findings, implications and suggestions were presented.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.163-171
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• 2016

As most infections by the helminth parasite elicit the recruitment of $CD4^+CD25^+Foxp3^+$ T ($T_{reg}$) cells, many scientists have suggested that these cells could be used for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammation and associated diseases. In order to investigate the distribution and alteration of activated $T_{reg}$ cells, we compared the expression levels of $T_{reg}$ cell activation markers in the ileum and gastrocnemius tissues 1, 2, and 4 weeks after infection. The number of $T_{reg}$ cells was monitored using GFP-coded Foxp3 transgenic mice. In mice at 1 week after Trichinella spiralis infection, the number of activated $T_{reg}$ cells was higher than in the control group. In mice at 2 weeks after infection, there was a significant increase in the number of cells expressing Foxp3 and CTLA-4 when compared to the control group and mice at 1 week after infection. At 4 weeks after infection, T. spiralis was easily identifiable in nurse cells in mouse muscles. In the intestine, the expression of Gzmb and Klrg1 decreased over time and that of Capg remained unchanged for the first and second week, then decreased in the 4th week. However, in the muscles, the expression of most chemokine genes was increased due to T. spiralis infection, in particular the expression levels of Gzmb, OX40, and CTLA-4 increased until week 4. In addition, increased gene expression of all chemokine receptors in muscle, CXCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR9, and CCR10, was observed up until the 4th week. In conclusion, various chemokine receptors showed increased expressions combined with recruitment of $T_{reg}$ cells in the muscle tissue.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.555-564
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• 2021

We investigated the effects of naringenin and morin on IL-5 and ROS production in PMA+ionomycin-treated EL-4 cells with the corroboration of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties using an asthma-induced mouse model. The EL-4 cell line was used to study the outcomes of naringenin or morin, followed by cell viability studies. Western blot analysis and ELISA test were used to determine Th2 mediated cytokines. In vivo studies were carried out on BALB/c mice to induce allergic asthma using ovalbumin administered intraperitoneally. Intracellular ROS was determined using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, followed by serum enzymatic (AST and ALT) estimations and inflammatory cell count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues. Histopathological studies were conducted to examine lung tissue-stained architecture. Our findings suggested that naringenin and morin significantly suppressed IL-5 and ROS production via various pathways. Interestingly, by reducing NFAT activity, naringenin and morin stimulated HO-1 expression, thereby suppressing IL-5 secretion due to regulating the transcription factor Nrf2 via P13/Akt or ERK/JNK signalling pathways in EL-4 cells, demonstrating the involvement of HO-1 expression in inhibiting asthmatic inflammation. The increased inflammatory cells in the BALF were substantially decreased by both naringenin and morin, followed by inhibition in the elevated Th-2 cytokines levels. The TNF-α protein levels in an allergic asthma mouse model were significantly reduced by suppressing Akt phosphorylation and eosinophil formation. Recent findings confirmed that naringenin and morin possess the potential to control asthma-related immune responses through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, indicating potential therapeutic agents or functional foods.