• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.191-234
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• 2009

This study examined on the volatility feedback hypothesis through the use of threshold GARCH-in-Mean (GJR-GARCH-M) model developed by Glosten, Jaganathan, and Runkle (1993) in the stock markets of 14 emerging countries during the period of January, 1996 to May, 2009. On this study, I found successful evidences which can support the volatility feedback hypothesis through the following three estimation procedures. First, I found relatively strong positive relationship between the expected market risk premiums and their conditional standard deviations from the GARCH-M model in the basis of daily return on each representative stock market index, which is appropriate to investors' risk-averse preferences. Second, I can also identify the significant asymmetric time-varying volatility originated from the investors' differentiated reactions toward the unexpected market shocks by applying the GJR-GARCH-M model and further find the lasting positive risk aversion coefficient estimators. Third, I derived the negative signs of the regression coefficient of unpredicted volatility on the stock market return by re-applying the GJR-GARCH-M model after I controlled the positive effect of predicted volatility through including the conditional standard deviations from the previous GARCH-M model estimation as an independent explanatory variable in the re-applied new GJR-GARCH-M model. With these consecutive results, the volatility feedback effect was successfully tested to be effective also in the various emerging stock markets, although the leverage hypothesis turned out to be insufficient to be applied to another source of explaining the negative relationship between the unexpected volatility and the ex-post stock market return in the emerging countries in general.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.105-129
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of librarian's empowerment and organizational commitment on organizational effectiveness in libraries. The subjects of this study were 148 librarians of 10 libraries in Jeollabuk-do in accordance to purposeful sampling of nonprobability sampling. The statistics program that was used to achieve the purpose was SPSS pc+ 20.0. The statistics methods were used one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple regression test. The following conclusion were drawn from the research procedures and data analysis. First, the librarian's empowerment level and organizational effectiveness make a difference by age level. But the librarian's organizational commitment make no difference by age level. Second, the librarian's empowerment level make a difference by marital status. But the librarian's organizational commitment and effectiveness make no difference by marital status. Third, the librarian's empowerment level make a difference by career in present librarian. But the librarian's organizational commitment and effectiveness make no difference by career in present librarian. Fourth, Very a high correlation is influence factor and all of the empowerment, competence factor, and all of the empowerment. Fifth, the organizational effectiveness is affected 9.3% by librarian's empowerment, 5.6% by librarian's organizational commitment.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.159-165
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• 2012

Purpose: For trauma patients, an early-transport and an organized process which are not delayed in hospital stage are necessary. Our hospital developed a procedure, the trauma Critical Pathway (CP), through which a traumatic patient has the priority over other patients, which makes the diagnostic and the therapeutic processes faster than they are for other patients. Methods: The records of patients to whom Trauma CP were applied from January 1, 2011 through April 15. 2012. were reviewed. We checked several time intervals from ER visiting to decision of admission-department, to performing first CT, to applying angio-embolization, to starting emergency operation and to discharging from ER. In addition, outcomes such as duration of ICU stay, hospital stay and mortality were checked and analyzed. Results: The trauma CP was applied to a total of 143 patients, of whom, 48 patients were excluded due to pre-hospital death, ER death, transferring to other hospital and not severe injury. Thus 95 patients (male 64, 67.3%) were enrolled in this study. Fifty-nine patients(62.1%) were injured by the traffic accident. The mortality rate was 10.5% and the mean Revised Trauma Score (RTS) of the patients was $6.4{\pm}2.0$. After visiting ER, decision making for admission was completed, on average, in 3 hours 10 seconds. The mean time intervals for the first CT, angio-embolization, surgery and discharge were 1 hour 20 minutes, 5 hours 16 minutes, 7 hours 26 minutes and 6 hours 13 minutes, respectively. Conclusion: The trauma CP did not show the improvement of time interval outcome, as well as mortality rate. However, this test did show that the trauma CP might be able to reduce delays in procedures for managing trauma patients at the university-based hospitals. To find out the benefit of CP protocol, a large scaled data is required.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.149-162
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• 1984

The research was conducted(1) to confirm the agent(s) responsible for the antimicrobial activity contained in the fermented tomato juice with L. acidophilus(2) to extract and purify the antimicrobial agent(s)(3) to find the biological, physical and chemical properties of the agent(s). The following results were obtained and summarized as followings; 1. The agent responsible for the inhibitory activity was confirmed by both well assay method using fermented tomato juice with L. acidophilus and turbidimetric technique using the cell-free filtrate or neutralized filtrate of tomato acidohilus culture and found exerted antimicrobial agent other than lactic acid. 2. The procedures of purification : The isolation and purification of antimicrobial agent from the lyophilized acidophilus tomato culture were carried out by (1) methanol extraction (2) acetone extraction, (3) Sephadex G-50 gel filtration (4) paper chromatography and (5) thin layer chromatography. 3. The biological, physical and chemical properties of antimicrobial agent: The biological, physical, chemical properties of the purified antimicrobial agent were: (1) The antimicrobial activity was strong against test organisms; Bacillus subtilis(ATCC 6633), Escheichia coli(ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 167), Pseudomonas fluorescens(KFCC 32394), Proteus vulgaris and Shigella dysenteriae. (2) The pH value of the agent was 2.0 and the inhibitory activity was lost when it was neutralized at 7.0 of pH and the agent was heat stable at $121^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes. (3) The ultraviolet light absorption spectra of methanol-acetone extract and TLC fraction exhibited a maximum absorption at 260nm and 224nm respectively. (4) The most purified agent from TLC plate increased about 130-fold in activity. (5) The agent isolated from TLC plate was free from $H_2O_2$ or lactic acid. 4. Bioautographic assy: By means of bioautography of the agent on silica gel of TLC plate a strong inhibitory activity against B. subtilis was demonstrated. 5. Mass spectrometry: The agent obtained from TLC plate was analyzed by mass spectrometry which show the parent peak at m/e 264 suggesting the molecular weight of the compound and molecular group such as [$C_2H{^+}_4$], [CO], [CH=NH], [$C_3{H^}4_7$], [$\begin{array}{rcl}O\\{\parallel}\\CH_3-C\\\end{array}$], [$C_6-H{^+}_{11}$], [$C_5H{^+}_{11}$], [$\begin{array}{rcl}O\\{\parallel}\\C_5H_7-C^+\\\end{array}$] were suggested.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2013

Objectives : For investigating relationship between oral condition and body mass of adolescent period and helping to make basic data which make oral care systematically while performing health care for adolescent. Methods : This research was carried out by performing oral and physical test of 273 high school students in some reasons from July 2nd to 16th in 2012. Results : There were significant differences, since the more subjects had irregular occlusion, the more they had loosing tooth(p<0.05). There was a significant difference, since when subjects had more numbers of regular occlusion, they had higher BMI and heavier weight.(p<0.001). There are significant different, since when the subjects had worse peridontal condition, they had more numbers of DT(p<0.001). There was a significant difference in occlusion and body mass group, since when subjects had regular occlusion, 46.4% of subjects were standard body weight, 41.0% of subjects were overweight and when subjects needed orthodontics, 52.7% of subjects were standard body weight, 33.8% of subjects were low-weight, and 13.5% of subjects were overweight(p<0.001). In the correlation between oral condition and BMI, DT index showed negative interrelation with FT index(r=-0.179) and positive interrelation with periodontal condition(r=0.221), MT index showed positive interrelation with occlusion(r=0.137) and FT index showed positive interrelation with height(r=0.136). BMI showed highly positive interrelation with weight(r=0.940), and when occlusion was worse, it shows negative interrelation with BMI(r=-0.293). Height showed highly positive interrelation with weight(r=0.447), and when the more subjects had malocclusion, it showed low negative interrelation with weight (r=-0.257). Conclusions : It was considered that an adolescent period forms health habits, so it was important to increase health action through education for growing healthy adult and not only guiding improvement of dietary life for keeping normal weight, but also conducting oral health education for treating regular occlusion of oral condition and prosthetic procedures for loosing tooth right time.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-86
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze selection of factors of Schoenfeld's problem solving behavior shown in problem solving process of mathematically gifted students based on brain preference of the students and to present suggestions related to hemispheric lateralization that should be considered in teaching such students. The conclusions based on the research questions are as follows. First, as for problem solving methods of the students in the Gifted Education Center based on brain preference, the students of left brain preference showed more characteristics of the left brain such as preferring general, logical decision, while the students of right brain preference showed more characteristics of the right brain such as preferring subjective, intuitive decision, indicating that there were differences based on brain preference. Second, in the factors of Schoenfeld's problem solving behavior, the students of left brain preference mainly showed factors including standardized procedures such as algorithm, logical and systematical process, and deliberation, while the students of right brain preference mainly showed factors including informal and intuitive knowledge, drawing for understanding problem situation, and overall examination of problem-solving process. Thus, the two types of students were different in selecting the factors of Schoenfeld's problem solving behavior based on the characteristics of their brain preference. Finally, based on the results showing that the factors of Schoenfeld's problem solving behavior were differently selected by brain preference, it may be suggested that teaching problem solving and feedback can be improved when presenting the factors of Schoenfeld's problem solving behavior selected more by students of left brain preference to students of right brain preference and vice versa.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2006

Parallel testing means ordering a number of tests at the same time so abnormalities in any of the tests can be found quickly and used in making the diagnosis. This is a good medical strategy to eliminate diseases and it is relatively inexpensive if all the tests are potential sources of information and performed on the same analyzer. In regression, the equation for the straight line is recast as y = bx + a. This change in terminology leads to confusion. Here a is the y-intercept or constant and b is the coefficient or slope of the line. A few more words of caution about regression - as in all of statistics there are certain assumptions: the x value is a true measure, both X and Y distributions are normal, and homoscedasticity, i.e., the variance of y is the same for each value of x. In this study the linearity classification made by different scientists were always in agreement. Typical examples of curves that were considered linear are presented in Fig. 1-5. Because these automated procedures values were usually within five percent of each other the curvature could be easily detected. The plot of the WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet concentrations from approximately 74.4 to $0{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$ and $80.4-0{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$, $5.6-0{\times}10^6/{\mu}L$ and $6.1-0{\times}1106/{\mu}L$, 18.3-0 g/dL and 19.0-0 g/dL, 54.1-0% and 56.8-0% and 642.0 to $0.03{\times}10^3{\mu}L$ and $754.0-0{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$ on the ADVIA 2120 C Versus and A and B typical of an acceptable linear study as shown in Fig. 1-5. The grand mean of R2, intercept and slope is 0.99898, 0.99459 and 1.54626.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.350-357
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• 2017

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a rapid and accurate method for analyzing the quality of cereals, and dried animal forage. However, one limitation of this method is its inability to measure fermentation parameters in dried and ground samples because they are volatile, and therefore, respectively lost during the drying process. In order to overcome this limitation, in this study, fresh coarse haylage was used to test the potential of NIRS to accurately determine chemical composition and fermentation parameters. Fresh coarse Italian ryegrass haylage samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over a wavelength range of 680 to 2500 nm, and optical data were recorded as log 1/reflectance. Spectral data, together with first- and second-order derivatives, were analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate regressions; scatter correction procedures (standard normal variate and detrend) were used in order to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. Optimum calibrations were selected based on their low standard error of cross validation (SECV) values. Further, ratio of performance deviation, obtained by dividing the standard deviation of reference values by SECV values, was used to evaluate the reliability of predictive models. Our results showed that the NIRS method can predict chemical constituents accurately (correlation coefficient of cross validation, $R_{cv}^2$, ranged from 0.76 to 0.97); the exception to this result was crude ash ($R_{cv}^2=0.49$ and RPD = 2.09). Comparison of mathematical treatments for raw spectra showed that second-order derivatives yielded better predictions than first-order derivatives. The best mathematical treatment for DM, ADF, and NDF, respectively was 2, 16, 16, whereas the best mathematical treatment for CP and crude ash, respectively was 2, 8, 8. The calibration models for fermentation parameters had low predictive accuracy for acetic, propionic, and butyric acids (RPD < 2.5). However, pH, and lactic and total acids were predicted with considerable accuracy ($R_{cv}^2$ 0.73 to 0.78; RPD values exceeded 2.5), and the best mathematical treatment for them was 1, 8, 8. Our findings show that, when fresh haylage is used, NIRS-based calibrations are reliable for the prediction of haylage characteristics, and therefore useful for the assessment of the forage quality.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.228-235
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• 1998

Objectives: Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid was evaluated as to the effectiveness of diagnostic modalities, lymphatic spread pattern, and therapeutic decision according to tumor size. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a clinicopathologic findings of 72 papillary microcarcinoma patients who were treated at the over 11 years between 1985 and 1995. The authors divided papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid into two subgroups according to tumor size: $0{\leqq}5mm$ and $5<0{\leqq}10mm$. An analysis including age and gender distribution, diagnostic tools(thyroid sonogram, thyroid scan, thyroid function test, fine needle aspiration cytology, frozen section), pathological examination of lymphnode, and surgical procedures was carried out in each subgroups. Results: The carcinoma of smaller than 5mm were found in 32 patients, and of 6 -10mm were in 40 patients. The average age of patients was 45years and all of them were female. Cold nodules on thyroid scan were noticed in 53 patientss and normal findings were in 15 patients. Suspicious malignant lesions(fine calcification, solid mass, irregular margin) on thyroid sonography were detected in 23 patients and the sonography was more useful in detecting $0{\leqq}5mm$ small sized lesions than other diagnostic methods. FNAC were performed in 17 patients, and 7 patients were diagnosed as having thyroid papillary cancer. But diagnotic rate in $0{\leqq}5mm$ small sized lesions was very low(one of eights).Frozen section were performed in all patients, among these 15 patients were diagnosed as being benign diseases and false negative rates were higher in $0{\leqq}5mm$ small sized lesions than in $5<0{\leqq}10mm$ sized lesions(p-value<0.006). Only thyroidectomies were performed in 24 patients and thyroidectomy with node dissections in 48 patients. The lymphnode metastatic rates were much higher in multifocal lesions(61.5%) than in single lesion. The incidence of cervical lymphnode metastasis was 19.4% in $0{\leqq}5mm$ sized lesions and 47.9% in $5<0{\leqq}10mm$ sized lesions. Postoperative management were performed with TSH suppression therapy(T4, synthroid) in all patients and RI therapy in 29 patients. Conclusion: On the basis of our study, improved preoperative diagnostic tools for papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid was helpful in the choice of surgical treatment. As a result of techninological progress(ultrasonography, FNAC), the pencentage of the discovery of papillary microcarcinoma has been increased. The thyroid ultrasonography was useful in detecting small sized lesions($0{\leqq}5mm$), but FNAC may not be beneficial in detecting small sized lesions($0{\leqq}5mm$). In the surgical procedure, thyroid lobectomy alone should be avoided because of the high rate of bilaterality and multifocality.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 2011

In this study, structural safety capacity analysis of the overpass railway bridge between Konkuk Univ. and Guui station railroad has been performed. The overpass is expected to have suffered durability reduction by deterioration. The weight reduction of the overpass has been implemented to prevent further durability reduction and to improve performance capacity. To reduce the weight, 3 procedures of replacing concrete soundproofing wall to light-weight soundproofing wall, replacing gravel ballast to concrete ballast, and reducing the weight of trough have been performed. The analysis of static/dynamic behaviors and improved capacity of the light-weighted overpass bridge has been performed. The structural safety verification of the improved structure has been implemented by using rating factors of load carrying capacity of PSC I girder. The results have shown that the deflection has been reduced by 2.6mm and tensile strength has been improved by 1.07MPa, which indicate that the structural capacity has effectively been improved. Also, the natural frequency has improved by approximately 30% where vibration reduction and dynamic behavior improvement have been achieved. Moreover, in the rating factor evaluation based on analysis and test results, an improvement from 1.82 to 1.93 has been observed. Therefore, weight reduction method for the overpass is effective considering overall results.