• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 2005

The core price policy of on-line game marketing are FPP(Fixed Pre Paid model and PPU(Pay Per Use) model. These two models have been a on-line game company's billing system and a fundamental of MMORPG in Korea. However, they took root billing system only for first movers recently. In now, the market share of several first movers is exceeding 80%, late movers witch have same billing system cannot take part in pair competition. Even though in MMORPG, many games of late movers were favorably noticed by a lot of gamers during Evaluation. Test, a lot of companies are bankrupt before make business. Late Movers declare free game first thing, they maintain their existence and win over customers in on-line game market. And next, they guarantee item selling, give multiple experience value and game money, at last, induce their customers to pay service. As it makes trouble between pay user and free user, and it linked up with the collapse of game contents balance that designed for FPP billing system, And then meet unexpected result which reduction of game life cycle. In this Paper, we classified several contents services based on game contents, and suggested contents premium services which adopted low cost strategy lead to micro payment. we hope it will apply to late movers' new billing system in MMORPG.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.193-207
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyze trends in conceptual change research in the field of Earth Science education conducted in Korea and to provide them as basic data of future concept change research. The trends of conceptual change research were analyzed in terms of keywords, year of publication, source of research, purpose of research, subject, area of research, and research method. This study was carried out on a total of 126 conceptual change papers of Earth Science education published from 1989 to July 2017. This study showed the following conclusions: First, the conceptual change research papers used more the term 'conceptual change' than 'misconceptions' and 'preconceptions'. Second, the conceptual change paper has achieved a large amount of growth in the 2000s. Third, conceptual change research tended to proceed to the subject of master's dissertation. Fourth, there were a lot of researches to find out the misconceptions and change them into the right concept, the conceptual change paper used free response test for misconceptions, and cognitive conflict instruction model and CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) teaching strategy for misconceptions. Fifth, elementary school students were studied the most. Sixth, the study of conceptual changes in the field of Earth Science was high in the astronomical and atmospheric areas. Finally, although quantitative analysis methods were used in the early days of research, in the 2010s, qualitative analysis methods were widely used. In this paper, we proposed research on conceptual change for pre- and in-service teachers, expansion of research on conceptual changes in various fields such as geology, oceanography, atmosphere in Earth Science, investigation of causes of misconception in Earth Science and research on individual's affective factors, and so on.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.408-415
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the delayed resolution of cognitive conflict on middle school students' conceptual change in learning the concept of the action and reaction with cognitive conflict strategy. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the time in which teacher tried to resolve cognitive conflict: instant resolution group, 2-day delay resolution group, and 7-day delay resolution group. Pretest, just before test, posttest, and delayed posttest were examined to measure the degree of conceptual change. Delay resolution groups' students answered the questionnaire asking what they had done to resolve cognitive conflict during the period which had been delayed resolution of cognitive conflict. The results of this study were as follows. First, instant resolution group showed significantly more scientific conceptual change than delay resolution groups. Secondly, most of delay resolution groups' students who tried to resolve cognitive conflict interacted with their peers. Also, delayed resolution of cognitive conflict was not helpful to resolve cognitive conflict. Thirdly, in delay resolution groups, we found the tendency that students who spent more than 30 minutes trying to resolve cognitive conflict altered their preconceptions into scientific concepts more easily than the others did. According to the results of this study, instant resolution of cognitive conflict is more effective on scientific conceptual change than delayed resolution of cognitive conflict.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.159-188
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• 2008

This study suggests strategies which can enable to creation of new opportunities of competitive advantages while operating a long lasting and consistent business with major trading partners, based on interorganizational information systems (IOISs) specially established and installed for interorganizational transactions. Nowadays, IOISs based mechanism having been widely expanded as a conventional business infrastructure for the interorganizational transactions and/or exchanges, it is customary difficult to obtain any strongly sound advantage over the competitors who have adopted even the simplest deployment of the IOIS mechanisms. In this connection, this study intends to investigate the interorganizational collaborative activities conducted by under the auspicious of IOISs, focused on the prospect of the exploitation of IOISs rather than the implementation of the IOISs. In this study, we, firstly, suggest the concept of Electronic Collaboration which can be defined by the collaborative activities conducted by IOISs, compared to the ones conducted on off-line. In addition, we suggest the Electronic Collaboration as a multi-dimensional concept, constituted by three sub-constructs, the Electronic Information Sharing (EIS), the Electronic Joint Activity (EJA), and the construction of the Electronic Relational Knowledge Store (ERKS). Secondly, we empirically verify the effects of relational and environmental determinants on the Electronic Collaboration. In this study, the relational determinants relate to the variables created in interorganizational relationship like Trust, Influence, Relational Specific Asset-asset invested for the transaction-, and Continuity of the relationship. On the other hand, the environmental determinants relate to the variables surrounding the relationship which are difficult to control. We consider Product Complexity, Technological Uncertainty, and Market Variability as the domain of the environmental determinants. To test our hypotheses, we conducted both paper-based survey and online-based survey. After refining the data with missing responses, a total of 150 data was used for analysis. The results were as follows : Firstly, it is statistically significant that the Electronic Collaboration is composed of EIS, EJA, and ERKS. In particular, the results imply that the firms are able to accumulate relational knowledge base as well as to exchange information or knowledge, and to conduct joint activities through effort to further expand the Electronic Collaboration. Secondly, we have verified the individual effects of the relational and the environmental determinants on the Electronic Collaboration. Product Complexity has been revealed as the most influential variable affecting the Electronic Collaboration. Next, Interorganizational Trust and Technological Uncertainty, in that order, have been seen to have significant effects on the Electronic Collaboration. In other words, when products or services seem to be difficult to standardize, and the core technologies seem to rapidly change, the need for the Electronic Collaboration increase. In addition, the observation dictates that the interorganizational trust turns out to be a critical variable in building a relationship and in seeking further collaboration. The results, further, illustrate that the environmental determinants are relatively more effective than the relational determinants, which is not consistent with a few prior researches relational determinants emphasized. It is because this study doesn't consider the size of the firm. A few researchers have given an emphasis on the relational determinants like trust and influence, especially from the perspective of small firms in interorganizational relationship. However, in our study, where all the sizes of the firms are contained, electronic collaboration is considerably affected by the environmental determinants.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.133-146
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• 2015

This study is to investigate the causal relationship between exchange hedge and the net income of the shipbuilder through the unit root test and co-integration and vector autoregressive model(Vector Autoregressive Model: VAR). First, quarter net income of shipbuilders to order a unit root tests from 2000 to 2013 was used as a value after the Johnson transformation. In the same period, the return on bond futures(KTBF), three years bond yield(KTB3Y), America-Korea exchange differences are weekly data for each quarterly difference in value was converted by utilization, shipbuilding shares after log transformation which it was used. Also, structural change point investigation analysis to verify that looked to take advantage of the structural changes occur in the exchange hedge strategies affecting net income in the shipbuilding industry. Between the exchange hedge and net income of shipbuilders in structural change points detection and analysis showed that structural changes occur starting in 2004. In other words, strategy of shipbuilders about exchange hedge has occurred from "passive exchange hedge" to "active exchange hedge". The exchange hedge of the Korea shipbuilders through the estimation of the VAR was able to grasp that affect the profitability of mutual shipbuilders. Macroeconomic variables and stock prices could also check to see that affected the net income of the shipbuilding industry.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.22-40
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• 2000

The purpose of the study was to discuss amrketing strategy for oriental hospital, by making a comparative analysis of how hospital user satifaction was affected by hospi시 choice motivation between oriental hospital users and western hospital. The data usel in this study was the Korea Isititute of oriental medicine(1999)'s study on utilization of oriental medical care. And and interview was hold with outpatients who visited around march to April, 1999, at each an oriental hospital and a westen hospital in Seoul and in Wonju city, Kongwon province. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS program. The factor analysis of hospital choice motivation was made by figuring out facor's mean value, and T-test and ANOVA were employed to find out what difference was made by sociodmographic charcteristics to the factors. Also, the multiple regression analysis was carried out to examine what gave an impact on hospital user satisfaction. The findings of this study were as follows; First as a result of making a factor analysis against hospital choice motivation to find out what kind of differenc there was between oriental hospital user motivation and western hospital and person factors. Among them, the hospital charcteristics, preception, personal and person factors. Among them, the hospital charcteristics appered to have the biggest effect of hospital choice motivation. Second, as a result of making comparison between oriental oriental hospital user satisfaction and werterm hospital user satisfaction, there was a singificant between their satisfaction at treatment time, kindness and relative kiness aginst the pther hospital. The oriental level combining 6 items. The geneal satisfaction level combining 6itmes tured out to have reliability of chronbach $\alpha$=0.7126. As a result of examining how mech the general satifaction level depended on sociodemographic characteristics, ther was found be significantly affected by age, marital status, educational background or hospital type. Those who a spouse or a lower educational background or the oriental hospital users got better score. Third, the multiple regression analysis was made to find out what factors affected western and oriental hospital user satisfaction, As a result, the waiting time, experience of other medical facilities and hospital characteristic variable were identified as a key factor on which westerm hospital user satisfaction depended. In conclusion, the oriental hhspital user expressed more staisfaction than the weshren hospital users. Then the characteristic factor played a singificant role in user satisfaction, which included hospital facilities, kindness of herb doctor and employees, or hospital reputation of credibility. in order to raise hospital user datisfaction, it seemed necessary to pay more attention to hospital characteristic factor rather than to perception factor.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.100-135
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• 1999

Typical symptoms of rheumatic disease affect overall daily living and cause severe stress. Individuals afflicted with rheumatic disease have many illness-related stresses. Pain was the predominantly perceived stress followed by limitation in mobility, difficulties in carrying out activities of daily living. helplessness, dependency on others, threat to self-esteem, interference in social activity, interference in family relationships. difficulties performing at work, and discomfort of the treatment. Patients with chronic arthritis are subjected to long periods of continuous stress, which may require the management by the health care provider. In these cases, the purpose of the nursing is helping to promote health through supporting patient's coping. Therefore, for the nursing intervention to be effective, it is critical to build a theoretical framework that describes stress-coping for chronic arthritis. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to present a theoretical framework which describes the stress-coping processes and to empirically test pathos of this framework for the people with chronic arthritis. The foundation upon which this framework is built in the Erickson, Tomlin, and Swain(1983) theory of Modeling and role-Modeling. The subjects were 275 patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis who visited the outpatient clinic. A hypothetical model of stress-coping was tested by covariance structure analysis with PC-LISREL 8.12 program. As a result, the overall fit was good(Chi-square=94.49, P=0.00, RMR=0.067, GFI=0.95, AGFI=0.91, NNFI=0.93, NFI=0.91) for the hypothetical model. The results of hypothesis testing were as follows : Basic need satisfaction had a statistically significant influence on illness-related experience, emotional stress and coping resources. Internal health locus of control had a statistically significant influence on coping resources. However, independent variables(basic need satisfaction, internal health locus of control, illness-related experience, emotional stress and coping resource) did not have significantly influence on coping. And then, the hypothetical model was modified by considering both the theoretical implication and statistical significance of the parameter estimates. The revised model had a better fit to the data(Chi-square=83.11(P=0.00), RMR=0.061, GFI=0.96, AGFI=0.92, NNFI=0.95, NFI=0.92). Hypothesis emerged from the revised model was tested. The results of hypothesis testing were as follows : Basic need satisfaction had a statistically significant influence on illness-related experience, emotional stress and coping resources. Internal health locus of control had a statistically significant influence on illness-related experience and coping resources. Internal health locus of control, illness-related experience, emotional stress and coping resources had a significantly influence on coping. According to the results of this dissertation, basic need satisfaction and internal health locus of control play a central role in appraisal of illness-related experience and coping resources. And illness related-experience, emotional stress, and coping resources affect on coping activities. In summary, nursing interventions to enhance basic need satisfaction and internal health locus of control will decrease illness related experience and emotional stress and increase coping resources. Increased coping resources will prompt coping activities.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.629-655
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• 2014

This study aims to explore the characteristics of environmental catalysts which have affected the development of music giftedness of the disadvantaged students. For this purpose, this study deals with nineteen disadvantaged gifted in music and examines their self-evaluation test, personal statement, and interview. Based on Gagn$\acute{e}$'s environmental catalysts of differentiated model of giftedness and talent(DMGT), the analysis of the interviews conveys the milieu of the disadvantaged gifted hardly exerts positive influences on their musical activities and studies. While concerning music and supporting their children financially and emotionally, parents unintentionally tend to exert negative influences on their children for their misapprehension of giftedness and incompetent advice. On the whole, the disadvantaged gifted hardly admit their teachers as experts in music. In relation to provisions, most students participate in extra school and local program and none of them participates in music gifted program. They are not satisfied with the quality in education. Despite the importance of the events such as crystallizing experience, award-winning, and performance, most students don't have enough events for inspiring their giftedness. As a conclusion, this study gives a proposition for a strategy to improve the environmental catalysts for the disadvantaged gifted in many different ways: the improvement of social recognition, the enhancement of parent consulting and teachers training programs, and the development and diffusions of more qualified gifted programs and so on.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2017

Objectives: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) constitute the first line of defense against invading microbial pathogens. Early events in inflammation involve the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of injury or damage where changes in intracellular calcium can cause the activation of pro-inflammatory mediators from neutrophils including superoxide generation, degranulation and release of myeloperoxidase (MPO), productions of interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), and adhesion to the vascular endothelium. To address the anti-inflammatory role of flavonoids, in the present study, we investigated the effects of the flavonoids quercetin and vitexin on the stimulus-induced nitric oxide (NO), $TNF-{\alpha}$, and MPO productions in human neutrophils. Methods: Human peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated, and their viabilities were determined by using the Trypan Blue exclusion test. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) preparations contained more than 98% neutrophils as determined by morphological examination with Giemsa staining. The viabilities of cultured neutrophils with various concentrations of quercetin and vitexin ($1-100{\mu}M$) were studied using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Neutrophils were cultured in complete Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium, pre-incubated with or without quercetin and vitexin ($25{\mu}M$) for 45 min, and stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) ($10^{-7}M$). NO production was carried out through nitrite determination by using the Griess method. Also, the $TNF-{\alpha}$ and the MPO productions were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and MPO assay kits. Results: Neutrophil viability was not affected up to a concentration of $100{\mu}M$ of quercetin or vitexin. Both quercetin and vitexin significantly inhibited $TNF-{\alpha}$, NO, and MPO productions in human neutrophils (P < 0.001). Conclusion:The present study showed that both quercetin and vitexin had significant anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, treatment with either quercetin or vitexin may be considered as a therapeutic strategy for treating patients with neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.91-116
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• 2003

This study empirically analyzes the relationships among small and medium-sized stores' competitive strategies, marketing capabilities, and retail performance to cope with hostile environments like mass merchandisers' threats. To accomplish the proposed research objectives, data were collected from 325 small and medium-sized stores scattered nationwide. Three types of competitive strategies were significantly classified as follows cost leadership, merchandise differentiation, and service differentiation. Also, several strategic groups such as doing-nothing type, service differentiation type, cost leadership type, and merchandiser differentiation type were recognized through the cluster analysis. The test results show that the small and medium-sized stores perceiving hostile environments less importantly marked the high retail performance among clusters like cost leadership type, merchandise differentiation type, and even doing-nothing type. On the other hand, the moderating effects resulted from the interaction between strategic groups and environmental hostility did not have significant influence on retail performance. Additionally, merchandise differentiation cluster obtains and accumulates marketing capability most efficiently and the cluster like cost leadership, service differentiation, and doing-nothing follows next in order. Finally, merchandise differentiation cluster shows the most highest retail performance among the clusters while there was no difference between cost leadership and service differentiation cluster in terms of retail performance.