• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.74-88
• /
• 2019

This study developed the Assessment Indicator evaluating eco-cultural value of temple forest in Korea and applied the developed Assessment Indicator to Songgwang-sa(also known as Seungbo-sachal), one of the Three Jewels Temple. Literature reviews and the draft of Assessment Indicator were drawn from brainstorming(including 2 forest therapy experts, 1 Buddhist monk expert, 1 landscape architect, 1 forest expert, and 6 researchers). After that, the Assessment Indicator drawn from the group of experts(the 1st in-depth interview: 32 people, the 2nd in-depth interview: 30 people) was verified and revised. The final Assessment Indicator, which was composed of 4 parts and 20 items, was developed. The results are as follows. The eco-cultural Assessment Indicator of temple forest was composed of 4 parts, which were Historical Cultural value, Ecological value, Recreatory Visitational value, and Educational Useful value, and 20 items and each item had 5 points. Historical Cultural value had 5 items and its total points were 25. Ecological value had 5 items and had total 25 points. Recreatory Visitational value had 6 items, 30 total points. Educational Useful value had 4 items, 20 total points. The total points of the eco-cultural Assessment Indicator were 100 points. As a result of applying the developed Assessment Indicator to the target place, Songgwang-sa in Mt. Jogye, Historical Cultural value of temple forest was calculated as 23 points(out of 25). Ecological value was 21 point(out of 25), Recreatory Visitational value, 22 points(out of 30), and Educational Useful value, 16 points(out of 20). The total points were 82(out of 100). Consequently, this study is meaningful based on the following 5 aspects. Firstly, this study challenged the development of the eco-cultural Assessment Indicator of temple forest for the first time. It is significant because the developed Assessment Indicator can be a useful resource for the eco-cultural value of temple forest. Secondly, the result showed that Educational Useful value and Recreatory Visitational value of forest temple were very low. Therefore, the supports for leisure, tour, education, and use of temple forest are needed from Korea Forest Service, Ministry of Environment, Cultural Heritage Administration and other government agencies since they acknowledge the temple forest as the best customers in Korea. Thirdly, the excellence or for eco-cultural value of temple forest needs to be extended in a national level. It is possible to make a Korean National Bran(e.g., the Therapy at the Temple) by blending temple stay, which is only in temples, and therapy, and is also possible to be a global tour industry. Fourthly, this study suggested legal definition about the necessary of legal definition for temple forest because there is no legal definition on temple forest in the current situation. When the definition of temple forest is legally arranaged, it would be a foundation for conserving eco-cultural value of temple forest, for organizing exclusively responsible departments in governmental institutions, and further for registering temple forest as World Natural Heritage. Lastly, the developed eco-cultural Assessment Indicators of temple forest from this study would be applied to "the 7 Sansa, Buddhist Mountain Monasteries in Korea(Sansa)" and the characteristics of each 7 temple are drawn. This study would be a basic data for temples' management and use with the eco-cultural Assessment Indicator of temple forest.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.115-143
• /
• 2021

Mt. Hwang-ak, as a temple forest belongs to Baekdudaegan. flora investigation was conducted to better know of current natural environment. At the same time, For the understanding of planted plants which is in the traditional Korea buddhism temple for landscape, research on Jikji temple had taken place during 2019 April to October with 12 times. As a result, the list of plants at Mt. Hwang-ak was classified as a total of 534 taxa comprising of 96 families, 312 genus, 462 species, 4 subspecies, 59 varieties, 9 forma. This listed plants could be classified as 4 categories by each standard. the listed plants were 14 species of Korean endemic plants, 13 species of Rare plants data book in korea, 34 species of Invasive Alien Plants in South Korea with 10% of Urbanization Ratio and 6% of Naturalization Ratio respectively, 167 species of List of Medicinal Resources Plants in Korea. In the Temple of Jikji, could find 81 species of planted plants that widely distributed all around the temple for landscape. Compared to other temple, We could observed 51% of species were overlapping, Among them, 9% of species overlapping with more than three temples.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.110-118
• /
• 2015

Borimsa Temple in Jangheung, one of the Goosanseonmoon of Shilla Dynasty, calls for a study in the field of landscape architecture because it has very significant elements in cultural and ecological landscaping aspects. This study examined the changes in landscaping elements of Borimsa Temple since the 17th century in order to newly recognize cultural landscaping value of space composition elements for traditional temple and to verify landscape architectural position. For research method, literatures such as Sajeonggi (事蹟記), Joongchanggi, a surveyed map by Fujishima Gaijiro in 1928 and Joseon Gojeogdobo (朝鮮古蹟圖譜) and modern documents including Borimsa Temple Precision Ground Survey Report and photographic records of National Archives of Korea and provincial governments were examined together with a field survey in order to trace changes in landscape elements such as buildings within the temple site, pond and temple forest. The results are as the following: First, for geographical locations of Borimsa Temple, it is located in an auspicious location and Shipyuknahansang and Cheonbul were placed in a supplementary purpose according to the contents of Bojoseonsatapbi. Compared to Namhwaseonsa Temple in China, it has a similar environmental composition but the fact that buildings were placed on platforms is a distinctive difference. Second, architectural landscape of Borimsa Temple went through the Japanese colonial era and Korean War and still going through changes today. Thus, there shall be some appropriate measures such as to establish an archive of past landscape data. Third, the contents of Borimsa Temple Sajeonggi suggests that the pond of Borimsa Temple had been in a indeterminate form with stones on the outer edge. Its name could have been Yongcheon (湧泉) according to the contents of Joongchanggi. Also, the current landscape, in comparison with past photographs, is a result of changes from surface raise occurred by ground reinforcement within the temple site. Fourth, Jangsaengpyoju (長生標柱) mentioned in Bojoseonsatapbi and Borimsa Temple Sajeonggi was thought to be the dried juniper tree in front of Daewoongbojeon, which can be found in past photographic documents but, it is now assumed to be Seokbihyeong (石碑形) considering the Gukjangsaeng and Hwangjangsaeng of Dogapsa Temple of the similar time period. Moreover, Hongsalmoon mentioned in Joongchanggi was established by King's order after the Manchu war of 1636 in praising of Buddhist monks those who had volunteered to fight for the country. Fifth, it is apparent in Borimsa Temple Joongchanggi that geomancy was a consideration in landscaping process of Borimsa Temple, and the record indicates that pine trees, bo trees and persimmon trees were planted. Sixth, tea tree forest was verified of its historical root that is Seongchailyeo from Unified Shilla through passing down of Jeong Yak-yong's Goojeunggoopo method and relevant documents of Seon Master Choui and Yi Yu-won. Seventh, nutmeg tree forest suggests that nutmegs were used in national ceremonies and for medical uses. The nutmeg tree forest was also verified of its role as Naehwasoorimdae (a forest built to prevent fire from spreading) through aerial photographs and placement of a forest reserve.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.33 no.2 s.130
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2005

Tree species of wooden structural members of the Beomeo Temple were identified based on light and scanning electron microscopic characters in the present study. Of 10 structural members, 9 softwoods and 1 hardwood were identified. Among softwood members, 7 belonged to hard pine of the Sylvestris section, and the remaining 2 to hard pine of other than the Sylvestris section and hemlock of the genus Tsuga, respectively. A single hardwood member was identified as white oak of the Prinus section under the subgenus Lepidobalanus.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.104-114
• /
• 2014

Nowadays, forests have been recognized as valuable resources for biological diversity and tourism/recreation. Temple forests occupy 1.3% of all the Korean forest and are under weak management although their ecological states are very good. Currently in the Buddhist society, the concern for the Buddhist arboretum has been raised as a good alternative for the practical use of temple forests to secure the sustainability of the temple forests as well as to actively meet the demand of the times for forests. This study aims to suggest establishment measures of Buddhist arboretum. This survey was performed on 105 temple forest managers and 130 laypersons. To summarize the results, the two groups differ in opinion. The temple forest managers more concerned for advertizing Buddhist culture and enhancing the image of the temple, while the laypersons had higher expectations for relaxation and education. However, they are similar in putting more emphasis on the conserving the heritage value of the temple and managing the temple forest. Above all, both groups evaluated the needs higher than the urgency and perceived managing temple forest as the most crucial function of a Buddhist arboretum. They also thought that a Buddhist arboretum should be planned to respond to the ecological characteristics of the temple area as well as to be non-exclusive to its users. Based on the important findings, five suggestions for a Buddhist arboretum were proposed. First, a Buddhist arboretum should be carried forward from a long-term point of view, developing a bond of sympathy between members of Buddhist society as well as conducting promotion and education to the general public. Second, the most significant function of a Buddhist arboretum should be preserving the temple forest, with the emphasis on relaxation and education. Third, in order to provide nonexclusive use, a Buddhist arboretum should provide mixed programs applicable to diverse user groups for high user satisfaction and educational effects. Fourth, the Buddhistic identification could be obtained through variety of plants closely associated with Buddhist culture. Lastly, in the process of collecting plants, it is also crucial to reflect the image of the temple and resource property so as to contribute itself in conservation and management of original temple forests. Thereby all Buddhist Arboretum can be classified into two types; preservation/collection and display/education/rest.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.11-17
• /
• 1981

The study was carried out to investigate the distribution and composition of community of Stewartia koreana in Temple Huibang and Mt. Sogri. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Within the forest floor cover species of the Temple Huibang forest, higher importance value were observed as Calamagrostis arundinacea. Sasa borealis. Lindera erythrocarpa and Lindera obtusiloba 2. In the forest floor cover species of Mt. Sogri forest, higher importance value were observed as Sasa borealis and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum var. koreanum 3. Within the floor cover species under Stewartia koreana forest, higher importance value were observed as Sasa borealis. Acer pseudo- sieboldianum var. koreanum and Calamagrostis arundinacea 4. Under shrub layer of Stewartia koreana stands, 73% of Sasa borealis and Calamagrostis arundinacea in Temple Huibang and 93% of Sasa borealis in Mt. Sogri were counted respectively as dominant species. Therefore, it might be necessary to control such dominant undergrowing species for natural reproduction of Stewartia koreana 5. In the Temple Huibang sites, by 700m Sasa borealis and 800m Calamagrostis arundinacea were grown as dominant species.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.20 no.2 s.62
• /
• pp.64-71
• /
• 2006

After destruction of the Naksansa which was due to Yangyang forest fire, this the fundamental research about the disaster prevention countermeasures of tradition buddhist temple cultural treasure was performed. The present condition of tradition buddhist temple and related laws were investigated and the present damage condition of the Naksansa was surveyed. Also, the fire damage cases of tradition buddhist temple and the fire laws and regulations were investigated, and the survey about disaster prevention countermeasures was carried out. This research drew up the basic material about the disaster prevention countermeasures of traditional buddhist temple.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.69-81
• /
• 2000

The vegetation structure of Abies holophylla forest was analyzed to provide the information for conservation of Abies holophylla forest at Wol-jong Temple in Mt. Odae national park, southern Korea. The layer structure of Abies holophylla forest was consists of tree layer(2 species), subtree layer(20 species), shrub layer(46 species) and herb layer(87 species), The importance value of Abies holophylla was the highest one 34.09%, and those of Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. Acer barbinerve, Philadelphus schrenckii. Isodon excisus, Acer triflorum, Staphylea bumalda, Carex humilis, Isodon japonicus, Acer mono and Actinidia polygama were 23.07%, 14.44%, 10.72%, 8.49%, 7.80%, 7.65%, 6.79%, 5.76%, 5.47% and 5.41%, respectively, Especially, when predicting succession in Abies holophylla forest, such seedlings were not formed and succession was governed by competition of Acer species, Quercus species and Tilia species of subtree and shrub layer.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.283-291
• /
• 2012

The aim of this study is to explore the structural relationship between recognition to environmental factor and place attachment of the users of temple forest trail in Gyeongju National Park, and to suggest political implications on conservation management of National Park from the viewpoint of landscape attachment. Survey with a structured questionnaire was implemented to visitors to the Bulkuksa, a representative temple in Geyongju National Park. Structural equation model was developed from the analysis of collected data. Results showed that place dependence positively affected place attachment in significance, whereas place identity did not significantly affect place attachment. Place attachment was affected rather by place dependence(path coefficient=0.55). Place attachment positively affected the recognition of environmental factors in significance. Landscape use factors compared to facility use factors were affected rather by place attachment(path coefficient=1.01). This result verified the importance of landscape factors of National Park, and suggested a management plan focused on the landscape conservation of forest trail of traditional temple.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2003.03a
• /
• pp.29-29
• /
• 2003