• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.441-448
• /
• 2011

The energy consumption of a condensing gas boiler may be greatly reduced by the effective operation of the unit. In this study, the supply water algorithm for a condensing gas boiler control was developed by using the fuzzy logic. This includes the supply water set temperature algorithm, and the control algorithms of a gas valve, a blower and a pump. For the set temperature algorithm, the outside air temperature and the return water temperature were used as input variables. The supply water temperature difference and its slope were used as input variables of the gas valve and blower control algorithm. And the supply water temperature and the return water temperature were used as input variables of the pump control algorithm. In order to analyse performances of these algorithms, the dynamic model of a condensing gas boiler was used. The initial start-up test, the supply water set temperature change test, the outside air temperature change test, and the return water temperature change test were performed. Simulation results showed that algorithms developed in this study may be practically applied for the effective control of a condensing gas boiler.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.63-82
• /
• 2014

This study is aimed to verify effects of Walking in treating hospitalized patients with low back pain in the Korean medicine hospital. The method of this study is choosing patients whose chief complaints were low back pain in the Korean medicine hospital in Gyeonggi Province. People who agreed to take Walking treatment were classified into experimental group and control group. Both experimental group and control group were treated with Korean medicine. In addition, experimental group performed Walking program more often. Changes of temperature difference taken by digital infrared thermal imaging(DITI) were used as measuring tools. The summary of this study's result is as in the following. There was significant difference in the experimental group which performed Walking treatments but not in the control group resulting from examining the change of temperature difference between left and right Yongchon. As known from the results above, Walking program is meaningful in curing the low back pain.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.237-246
• /
• 1971

The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of ice-pack application on different body areas and to note which body area produces the best results according to age, room temperature, sex and disease. Seventeen patients, including six men and eleven women, hospitalized at Seoul National University Hospital from May 22 to August 29, 1971, ranging in age from 15 through 60 years with an oral temperature of 38℃ or over, were chosen for this study. They were observed with regard to the effect of the ice-packs after applications for 30, 45 or 60 minutes. Four ice-packs, 7.6inch by 9 inch, were applied on the chest and the abdominal surface in the control group and the same size and number of packs on the axillae and political regions in the experimental group. The study results were reviewed in a statistical method to obtain the following findings 1. There was no significant difference in the change of the body temperature between the control group and the experimental group after applying the packs for 30, 45 or 60 minutes. 2. Individually, there was a significant difference in the change of body temperature between before and after application for 30, 45 or 60 minutes. 3. The difference of room temperature also had no merle influence on the body temperature taken immediately before applying the ice-packs. Even when ice-packs were applied for 30, 45 or 60 minutes, the room temperature did not influence the reduction of temperature in the patient. 4. There was a significant difference in the change of the body temperature, according to the sex, after application for 30, 45 or 60 minutes. Male patient's body temperature decreased far more noticeably than the female patients and the degree of reduction became more pronounced the longer the packs were applied. 5. In regard to age, in adults, the degree of reduction in the body temperature by the application of ice-packs was similar after appling them for 30, 45 or 60 minutes and did not depend upon the length of application. 6. Regardless of the disease, there was no great difference in the reduction of body temperature when the ice-packs were applied for 30 or 45 minutes, except for patients with typhoid fever when a striking decrease in the fever resulted after a 60 minute application of the ice-pack.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.114-122
• /
• 1994

A cold temperature control system for the BAF(batch annealing furnace) has been established in order to reduce energy consumption to imrpove productivity and stabilize the properties of products. Therefore we confirmed a relation between annealing cycle time and atmospheric gas, changing annealing cycle time according to BAF temperature with time during heating and actual temperature measurements cold spot during soaking. The results of the temperature variation effect on the batch annealing are as follows. 1) Cooling rate is increasing gradually with increasing atmospheric gas flow, but heating rate is hardly increasing without atmospheric gas component. Heating time is reduced to one half with increasing atmospheric gas flow rate and changing of atmospheric gas component from HNx to Ax gas and annealing cycle time is reduce to 2.7 times. 2) With enlarging the difference between furnace temperature and soaking temperature at the HNx BAF, heating time becomes short, but cooling time is indifferent. 3) If temperature difference of 300.deg. C in the temperature change of cold spot according to the annealing cycle control temperature, Hi-CON/H2BAF is interchanging at each other at 26hours, but HNxBAF at 50 hours. 4) Soaking time at batch annealing cycle determination is made a decision by the input coil width, and soaking time for quality homogenization of 1219 mm width coil must be 2.5 hours longer then that of 914mm width coil for the same coil weight at Hi-CON/H2BAF. But, it is necessary to make 2 hours longer at HNxBAF.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.131-138
• /
• 2022

The demand for chiller equipment that keeps each machine at a constant temperature to maintain the best possible condition is growing rapidly. PID (Proportional Integral Derivation) control is a popular temperature control method. The error, which is the difference between the desired target value and the current system output value, is calculated and used as an input to the system using a proportional, integrator, and differentiator. Through such a closed-loop configuration, a desired final output value of the system can be reached using only the target value and the feedback signal. Furthermore, various temperature control methods have been devised as the control performance of various high-performance equipment becomes important. Therefore, it is necessary to design for accurate data-driven temperature control for chiller equipment. In this research, support vector regression is applied to the classic PID control for accurate temperature control. Simulated annealing is applied to find optimal PID parameters. The results of the proposed control method show fast and effective control performance for chiller equipment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 1986

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature control by a shade tree and the lawn area. In this investigation, we find out that artificial-lawn, concerte, and exposed soil are more higher temperature than covered with plant materials. The results of the measurement may to summerized as follows; 1) Low-temperature effects of zoysia japonica is more controlled by condition of growth than leaf length of grass. Surface temperature make 0.7$^{\circ}C$ difference between long grass (15cm), and short grass (5cm), but make 5$^{\circ}C$ difference between good growth grass (230/10$\textrm{cm}^2$) and bad growth grass (80/10$\textrm{cm}^2$). 2) The surface temperature of the lawn area is 40.5$^{\circ}C$ lower on a maxinum than that of the artificial lawn (July 28, 1985). During the day of summer, shade area under the shade tree is 0.9$^{\circ}C$ lower then lawn area surface temperature, 6.9$^{\circ}C$ lower than bad growth lawn, 10.3$^{\circ}C$ lower than exposed soil, and 18$^{\circ}C$ lower than concrete surface temperature. 3) Natural irrigation effect on the surface temperature fluctuation. But this effect is changed by compositions of ground materials and time-lapse. 4) Sunny day is more effective than cloud day. 5) In summer season, surface temperature make a difference compare to temperature of 0.5-1.5m height from ground : Surface temperature is 3.4$^{\circ}C$ lower at the lawn area (11 a.m.), 4.2$^{\circ}C$ lower at the shade area the shade tree, 12.7$^{\circ}C$ higher at the concrete area (3p.m.), 38.8$^{\circ}C$ higher at the artificial lawn (2p.m.) 6) According to compositions of ground materials and season have specific vertical temperature distribution curve. 7) In summer season, temperature distribution of 0.5-1.5m hight at the shade tree is 4.8-5.7$^{\circ}C$ lower than concrete area (noon-3p.m.)

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.134-142
• /
• 1990

This study was carried out for the development of greenhouse temperature control system by modifying an APPLE-II microcomputer attached with several interface systems. The interface systems are composed of 12 bit A/D converter, output port, multiplexer, time clock, etc. Under the operation of developed system, the greenhouse temperature was to be manipulated within the setting temperatures assumed to be appropriate for certain plant growth. The temperature control equimpents installed in the greenhouse are one-speed propeller type fan and two-phase electric heater, which are selectively started or stopped according to the control logic programmed in the control system. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The difference between two temperatures measured by the developed system and the self-recording thermometer calibrated with standard thermometer was less than $1^{\circ}C$. 2. When the temperature were measurd by 12 bit A/D converter and both electric heater and ventilation fan were controlled by developed ON/OFF logic, greenhouse temperature showed narrow fluctuation bands of less than $1^{\circ}C$ near the setting temperatures. 3. The temperature acquisition and control system developed in this study is expected to be applicable to environment control system such as greenhouse only by modifying the logic based on long term experimental data. 4. In order to reduce the measurement error and to increase the system control efficiency, it is recommended that continuous study should be carried out in the aspect of eliminating various systematic noises and improving the environmental control logic.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.89-96
• /
• 2008

This study measured the thermal environment and residents' control behaviors of cooing according to 3 groups of household type-families with preschool children, families of middle age and families of senior. The object of this study are to fmd the difference of the actual condition of indoor thermal environment and cooling control behavior by age or household type and to develop user oriented climate control system. The results were summarized as follows. When the age of members at household is younger, the indoor mean temperature and temperature that people turned off the air conditioner became lower. These different indoor thermal environment of each group means that younger generation is familiar with cooler from their early age and these early uses of cooler made them prefer cooler condition than family of senior. Therefore, this results show that different indoor thermal environment is influenced by factors such as household type and metabolism difference and so on.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.104-113
• /
• 2015

This paper focuses on a temperature effects on a PV panel which has been installed in Thailand. The main objective is cleaning PV panels and reduce temperature of PV panel by water injects from waterway and experimental results of PV power what it is difference. This project is designed by PLC control system which water injects and control PV temperature, In addition, this project consists of hardware and software such as water pump, water injection and PLC control has been automatically and it can be control system manually. The automatic control system is working when PV temperature rises up over 45 degree Celsius after that the pumping machine would inject water to the surface of PV panels and it must be stop when the PV panel temperature comes down less than 45 degree Celsius. The result of actual experimental found that the control system has been done correctly under specify condition. The experimental has been shown electrical data before and after water injects on PV system found that the electrical power a bit increases and The energy has been taken from PV panel less than energy consumption equipment of control system which taken to operate the water injecting system.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2018

Background: In the study, the effects of elevated $CO_2$ and temperature on the nitrogen content, carbon content, and C:N ratio of seven rare and endangered species (Quercus gilva, Hibiscus hambo, Paliurus ramosissimus, Cicuta virosa, Bupleurum latissimum, Viola raddeana, and Iris dichotoma) were examined under control (ambient $CO_2$ + ambient temperature) and treatment (elevated $CO_2$ + elevated temperature) for 3 years (May 2008 and June 2011). Results: Elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature result in a decline in leaf nitrogen content for three woody species in May 2009 and June 2011, while four herb species showed different responses to each other. The nitrogen content of B. latissimum and I. dichotoma decreased under treatment in either 2009 and 2011. The leaf nitrogen content of C. virosa and V. raddeana was not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature in 2009, but that of C. virosa increased and that V. raddeana decreased under the treatment in 2011. In 2009, it was found that there was no difference in carbon content in the leaves of the six species except for that of P. ramosissimus. On the other hand, while there was no difference in carbon content in the leaves of Q. gilva in the control and treatment in 2011, carbon content in the leaves of the remaining six species increased due to the rise of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature. The C:N ratio in the leaf of C. virosa grown in the treatment was lower in both 2009 and 2011 than that in the control. The C:N ratio in the leaf of V. raddeana decreased by 16.4% from the previous year, but increased by 28.9% in 2011. For the other five species, C:N ratios increased both in 2009 and 2011. In 2009 and 2011, chlorophyll contents in the leaves of Q. gilva and H. hamabo were higher in the treatment than those in the control. In the case of P. ramosissimus, the ratio was higher in the treatment than that in the control in 2009, but in 2011, the result was the opposite. Among four herb species, the chlorophyll contents in the leaves of C. virosa, V. raddeana, and I. dichotoma did not show any difference between gradients in 2009, but decreased due to the rise of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature in 2011. Leaf nitrogen and carbon contents, C:N ratio, and chlorophyll contents in the leaves of seven rare and endangered species of plant were found to be influenced by the rise and duration of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature, species, and interaction among those factors. Conclusions: The findings above seem to show that long-term rise of $CO_2$ concentration, and temperature causes changes in physiological responses of rare and endangered species of plant and the responses may be species-specific. In particular, woody species seem to be more sensitive to the rise of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature than herb species.