• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2007

A natural deodorizing agent (NDA) was made using pine cone byproduct, and its effects on malodor emission and composting were analyzed in this study. NDA was manufactured by mixing pine cone byproduct with three species of microorganisms and water containing mineral nutrients and molasses, and then by incubating for 48 hours at $30^{\circ}C$. Lab scale experiments were done with three treatment groups, T1 (control, sawdust treatment), T2 (microorganisms and sawdust treatment group), and T3 (NDA and sawdust treatment group). During composting, temperatures reached over $55^{\circ}C$, a minimum temperature for the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms. No differences were found in physicochemical composition of compost among treatments. However, it was observed that over usage of NDA could obstruct temperature increase, since the biodegradation rate of organic matter of NDA was relatively low, Nitrogen loss due to ammonia gas emission, which normally happens during composting, was reduced by using NDA, and hence the nitrogen level of final compost was higher in T3 than in others. During experiment, it was found that ammonia gas emission was entirely lasted through compositing duration, but the $CH_3SH$ and $H_2S$ gases were produced only at early stage of composting. The ammonia concentration trapped in $H_2SO_4$ solution during 31 days of composting in T1, T2 and T3 was 12,660mg/L, 11,598mg/L and 7,367mg/L, respectively, showing distinguishable reduction of ammonia gas emission in T3. The emissions of $CH_3SH$ and $H_2S$ gases were also remarkably reduced in T3. Based on these obtained results, usage of the deodorizing agent made with pine cone byproduct could reduce the emission of malodor during composting, without any deterioration of compost quality.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2007

This study was carried out to develop the modified cyclone dust collector in windowless broiler building measuring 12 m wide, 46 m long, with a side wall height of 3 m and a capacity of 12,800 birds. Ventilation rate in windowless broiler building was $0.014{\sim}0.015\;and\;0.158{\sim}0.181cmm$ in second weeks and fifth weeks of age, respectively. Ammonia concentration was $13{\sim}16\;and\;20{\sim}24\;ppm$ in first and second weeks of age, respectively. Amount of dust collected in dust collector each week was 104.1, 274.7 and 388.6g in first, second and third weeks of age. But it was decreased from fourth weeks of age because of the increased ventilation rate. Total suspended particulate(TSP) of polluted air was $3,111.7{\sim}8,745.2{\mu}g/m^3$, but it was decreased to $530.8{\sim}2,264.4{\mu}g/m^3$ when it passed through the dust collector. Collecting efficiency was $54.2{\sim}82.9%$ in TSP. But collecting efficiency of Particulate matter smaller than $1{\mu}g$ (PM1.0) was $7.6{\sim}33.8%$, and lower than TSP. TSP concentration in control broiler house was 1,387.6 and $4,210.1{\mu}g/m^3$ in first and fourth weeks of age, respectively. But it was decreased to 876.3 and $2,535.3{\mu}g/m^3$ in broiler house operated dust collector in first and fourth weeks of age, respectively. Dust collecting efficiency for TSP was $36.8{\sim}39.8%$, and it was decreased to $11.4{\sim}39.8%$ in smaller dust size.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2007

A safety management rule of the diagnosis radiation system which opened a court 2006 February 10th was promulgated for safety of the radiation worker, patients and patients' family members. The purpose of this study is to minimize injury by radiation that can happen to patients and people around a sick ward when managing mobile X-ray system. This study analyzed sickroom environment of mobile X-ray examination and the statistical data of the Konkuk medical Information System(KIS) and the Picture Archiving Communication System(PACS). This study also investigated patient conditions, infection, relation information and related data, when the sickroom mobile X-ray examination is used. Through data analysis, many problems were expected such as restriction of space side, manpower and expense of business side, satisfaction degree decline of patient and protector of operation side. Therefore, we tried to restrict examination of multi bed sickroom, and to use treatment room in each ward to solve problem mentioned. As a result, the whole sickroom mobile X-ray examination rate decreased to near 50%, and mobile X-ray examination rate for inpatients decreased to more than 85%. This study shows that several attempts we did should be helpful for manpower, patients satisfaction and expenses. Also, they should protect patients in sickroom from unnecessary radiation exposure and could minimize inconvenience of patients and their family members from x-ray examination.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2003

The world is preparing another unseen war, that is, the cultural war of digital economy which will dominate the new millenium. As the “contents”, which are composed of various ingredients of media, gain vitality, the developed nations are in preparation of the war with the “cultural industry” weapons. The digital economic experts say that the left out nations will become economic colony in the new millenium age. The most important characteristics of cultural industry is the unity of creativity and culture which is all the more improved on the basis of the culture created upon knowledge. This leads to competition between nations or regions, and to survive one has to develop the industrial structure through cognition of its own cultural value. Furthermore, it is not a short-term development and investment of cultural products but a study on the method to graft the cultural value to the industry itself. The multi-media period does not accept an independent medium, and the contents products are becoming the leading industry since il is proved that they last semi-permanently in the digital world. The victory lies in the quality and quantity of the contents as the high ability and variety of the technology of media advance in accordance to the market principles. Since the culture, science and economy are becoming one complex structure, all nations of the world are trying the evolve a unique design of their on culture on the basis of the global universality. In consequence, we should excavate a uniqueness from our cultural heritage and develop into a korean design which will be recognized in the world market. The value of our cultural property should not only be used as academic and research purposes but should be re-evaluated with modem view, recognized as the core element that decides the quality of life and developed into exclusive designs. The korean designs represent the mould concept of our people which evolves from the mould or shape alphabet of Korea To meet the requirements of the changing world and in preparation of the cultural competitive age, it is never too early to make a data on the korean designs through their analysis and evaluation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.298-305
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• 2011

This study was conducted to enhance the stem firmness of standard chrysanthemum 'Baekma' bred in Korea for commercial quality improvement and inhibition of stem breaking during transportation through foliar spray with calcium agents. Calcium agent screening 'Baekma' was examined using $CaCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$, $Ca(NO_3)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$, and OS-Ca (natural liquid calcium compounds extracted from oyster shell) depending on each concentration (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0%, respectively). All calcium agents sprayed with 1.0% caused chemical injury such as stem bending or leaf burn. OS-Ca also showed more sensitive response to chemical injury than the other calcium agents because OS-Ca was absorbed very well by 'Baekma' leaves. Maximum stem firmness measured during the final harvest was greater in OS-Ca than in the other calcium agents. Especially, maximum stem firmness was greatest in 0.01% OS-Ca. However, elastic strength and maximum bending stress were greater in 0.001% OS-Ca than in the others. Thus, OS-Ca ranged from 0.005 to 0.05%, which did not show any chemical injury, was finally selected as the first candidate for hardening the stem of 'Baekma'. The next experiment using OS-Ca was conducted with the concentrations of 0, 0.005, 0.01, and 0.05%, respectively. From the results, 0.05% OS-Ca showed better plant growth and parameters such as plant height, stem diameter (upper and middle part), the number of leaves, and dry weights of each part than the other concentrations of OS-Ca and control. As for stem firmness depending on OS-Ca concentration, the Ca content within stem, maximum firmness, elastic strength, and maximum bending stress of stem in 'Baekma' sprayed with 0.05% OS-Ca showed the highest values among all the treatments and it turned out to be very high level of significance between control and OS-Ca treatments. However, the area and percentage of the inside cavity within horizontal stem section in 'Baekma' did not show any significance between any treatments including control. Thus, stem firmness of 'Baekma' did not show any correlation with the inside cavity area of stem. In conclusion, we recommend foliar sprays with 0.05% OS-Ca at vegetative growth stage to enhance stem firmness of 'Baekma' during transportation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.616-625
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• 2016

This research was conducted to investigate the optimum level of nitrogen incorporated during formulation of root media as pre-plant fertilizer on the growth of plug seedlings of 'Bool-am No.3' Chinese cabbage. A root medium was formulated by blending peatmoss:coir dust:perlite at a ratio of 3.5:3.5:3.0 (v/v/v). The nitrogen was incorporated in the seven treatments at a rate of 0, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ during the root medium formulation. The concentrations of other essential nutrients except nitrogen were controlled to equal in all treatments. Then, the root medium was packed into 72-cell plug trays and seeds were sown. The growth measurements as well as tissue and soil solution analysis for nutrients were conducted 2 and 4 weeks after seed sowing. As seedlings grew, the pH in the extracted solution of all treatments tended to decrease. The decreases in the treatments of high N concentrations were more severe than those with low N, but the differences among treatments were not statistically significant. The differences of EC in extracted solution of root media among treatments were sizable until week 3, but the differences began to lessen and the EC decreased in all treatments after week 4. Growth of the aerial parts of plug seedlings at 2 weeks after sowing were highest in the $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and lowest in the $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments, but those at 4 weeks after sowing were highest in the $500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and lowest in the $0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments among all treatments tested. The tissue N content was highest and lowest in the treatments of 250 and $1,000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively, when tissues were harvested at 4 weeks after sowing and analysed based on the dry weight of above-ground tissue. The contents of micronutrients were the highest in the 1,000 and $1,500mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments among all treatments. The results shown above indicate that the $250mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of pre-plant N and elevation of post-plant N concentration to above $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ are suitable for raising plug seedlings of Chinese cabbage using inert media.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.607-615
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• 2016

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of different kinds of acids added to irrigation water containing high levels of bicarbonate on the growth and daughter plant production during the propagation of 'Seolhyang' strawberry. Fertigation solution was prepared with equal concentrations of essential nutrients as found in Hoagland solution, plus $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}\;HCO_3{^-}$. The concentrations of $HCO_3{^-}$ in the treatment solution were decreased to $60mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ by the addition of $HNO_3$, $H_3PO_4$, $H_2SO_4$, $HNO_3+H_3PO_4$, or salicylic acid. The mother plants transplanted to raised beds were treated with a specific treatment solution for 126 days and growth and daughter plant productions were monitored. The fresh weight of mother plants in the -control treatment ($240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}\;HCO_3{^-}$) was significantly lower than those in acid containing treatments. The number of daughter plants produced per mother plant was 13 in the -control treatment, but 19.4, 20.1, 18.6, 22.4, and 18.9 in the treatments of $HNO_3$, $H_3PO_4$, $H_2SO_4$, $HNO_3+H_3PO_4$ and salicylic acid, respectively. The substrate pHs after 126 days of treatment were 8.2 and 7.3 in the -control and salicylic acid treatments, respectively, but 5.5, 5.4, 5.3, and 5.5 in the treatments of $HNO_3$, $H_3PO_4$, $H_2SO_4$, and $HNO_3+H_3PO_4$ treatments, respectively. The tissue Ca and Mg contents of mother plants were significantly higher in +control ($90mg{\cdot}L^{-1}\;HCO_3{^-}$) and various acid blending treatments compared to the -control treatment. By contrast, Ca and Mg contents were not significantly different among treatments with acids. The Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu contents in plant tissue of -control were also significantly lower than those in all other treatments.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.779-789
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• 2016

A total of 33 accessions of pepper (Capsicum spp.), including previously reported and newly discovered sources of resistance to bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, were evaluated for their resistance to bacterial spot. The selected accessions were then grown and their horticultural characteristics were recorded. In a test for hypersensitive resistance (HR) to four races (P1, P3, P7, P8) of the pathogen found in Korea, KC00939 and Chilbok No.2, which carry the Bs2 gene, exhibited a hypersensitive response to all four races, as expected. Chilbok No.3, which carries the Bs3 gene, showed a hypersensitive reaction to race 1 and 7, as expected. KC00939 exhibited a high ASTA color value and tolerance to multiple infections from a viral complex of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV). Thus, this accession represents a promising genetic resource for breeding cultivars with multiple disease resistance and strong red coloration. KC01327, KC01617, KC01015, KC01760, KC01779, KC01137, KC01328, KC01006, KC00127, KC01704, and KC00995 did not exhibit hypersensitivity but showed a high level of general resistance when evaluated by spray inoculation. KC01617, KC01760, KC01779, KC01137, KC01704, and KC01777 are newly identified sources of resistance to bacterial spot. The previously and newly identified sources of resistance to bacterial spot evaluated in this study, including information about their resistance to CMV and BBWV complex in the field, the contents of pungent and sweet taste components, and the color values of dry fruits, will be useful for breeding pepper cultivars with resistance to bacterial spot.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.277-283
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• 2009

Biogenic amines are generally formed through the decarboxylation of specific free amino acids by exogenous decarboxylases released by microbial species associated with the fish products and fermented feeds. This study was conducted to investigate the properties of e tuna waste regarding the control of degradation of biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, putrescine, and cadaverine) that might be related with the anti-nutritional factor of the tuna waste that is used for manufacturing domestic fish meal. The values of pH and the salt content were 6.51, 3.35% in tuna waste and 5.58 and 5.83% in tuna fish meal, respectively. The strains and dominant bacteria tested in the tuna waste sample were 9.20, 9.29, 5.67, 7.82 and 7.58 log CFU/g of total bacteria, aerobic plate count (APC), total coliform (TC), Lactobacillus spp. and Bacillus spp., respectively. The main histamine forming-bacteria (HFB) in tuna waste were detected by silica gel thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and 7 histamine-forming bacterial species were isolated among microbes grown in selective medium. The histamine concentration was determined by detection of fluorescence of ο-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) derivatives using HPLC and the date were used to reconfirm the identities of the amine-producing bacteria. The 15 histamine- forming bacteria strains grown in trypicase soy broth (TSB) supplemented with 1% L-histidine (TSBH) were identified as Lactococcus(L.) lactis subsp. lactis, Klebsiella pneummonlae, L. garvieae 36, Vibrio olivaceus, Hafnia alvei and L. garvieae which were main dominant amine - producing strains, and Morganella morganii identified by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing with PCR amplification. A Phylogenetic tree generated from the 16S rRNA sequencing data showed different phyletic lines that could be readily classified as biogenic amine forming gram-positive and negative bacteria.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.909-918
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• 2017

Ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) was fermented in brine in the form of mulkimchi (IPMB), and its contents of organic acid and cyclitols and biological activities were compared with those before fermentation. The pH of the IPMB continuously decreased until the sixth day of fermentation. The lactic acid yield was greatest on the fourth day. D-pinitol in ice plant mulkimchi solids (IPMS) decreased during fermentation. However, myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol increased. The radical scavenging activities of ABTS and DPPH, in addition to the activity of FRAP, of the IPMS extract were generally higher after fermentation, with the activities highest on the fifth ($79.09{\pm}0.69%$), fourth ($87.55{\pm}1.21%$), and sixth ($78.72{\pm}0.99%$) days of fermentation, respectively, when treated with 1 mg/ml of the extract. As shown by a lipid/MA assay, antioxidant activity was generally higher after fermentation. The viability of BNL CL.2 cells damaged by t-BHP, $H_2O_2$, and ethanol was $14.19{\pm}0.98$, $13.80{\pm}2.25$, and $25.89{\pm}2.90%$, respectively. When treated with $200{\mu}g/ml$ of IPMS extract, the cell viability was $57.06{\pm}4.52%$ on the first day, and $66.06{\pm}1.36%$ on the fourth day, and $50.07{\pm}04.85%$ on the sixth day of fermentation. Hepatocyte protective effects did not increase significantly after fermentation. ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activity was quite high, with a range of $83.52{\pm}2.69$ to $92.79{\pm}2.16%$, and the activity increased gradually in all the groups over the fermentation period. There was no clear correlation between ${\alpha}-amylase$ inhibitory activity and fermentation.