• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-25
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• 2020

Although patents have mainly been considered as the results of the invention process, of late their value as strategic assets have increasingly been emphasized. Consequently, the competition for patents among firms has intensified, and the number of patent disputes have been steadily increasing. Patent disputes, which cause enormous expense and resource utilization, increase uncertainty and have been considered as a threat or problem for the firms involved. Patent disputes are expected to have a significant impact on the decision making about subsequent innovation activities. This study attempts to analyze the effect of patent disputes on the subsequent innovative activities of the firms that are sued. After experiencing litigation as defendants, we examine their subsequent patenting strategies. According to the results of the study, firms who are experiencing patent litigation are more likely to achieve high-quality patents and cite recent technology when they apply for patents. Meanwhile, patent litigation experience has been shown to negatively affect the amount of subsequent patents applied. This study increases understanding by examining whether patent disputes, which have been mainly recognized negatively as obstacles, can be an opportunity that comes during a crisis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.113-127
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• 2008

Artificial lights have effected the changes of art and fashion concepts as well as human life since the invention of electric light bulb in late 19th century. Artist and designer have had more interested in these artificial lights as the development of digital technology and the change of millennium and they have tried to apply the lights into their works. The purpose of this study is to analyze the aesthetic characteristics of contemporary fashion design using artificial light as a medium. Artificial light for fashion design means the light using luminescent material like phosphorescent and fluorescent materials or in combination with electroluminescent digital technology or the light that can be perceived as images when light projects from media using a light projector or other digital equipment. Fashion design using this light type can change colors or form temporarily and it can playa role as a gadget for hm or as equipment to provide information much as a computer monitor does. And designer can create virtual patterns on the surface of clothes, or virtual fashion like a 3-dimensional holography in empty space. In these fashion designs, the virtual image of light is substituted for physical formative elements in fashion, and the viewer can experience an ambiguity between reality and virtuality. The results of the study were as follow; The formative characteristics of those fashion designs were identified as visibility, indeterminacy, integration and virtuality. And they reflected the internal meanings; the persue of protection and safety, the search for experiment and innovation, the will for interaction and communication and the desire for the deviation and fun.

• International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.25-39
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• 2022

Perceptions of Library and Information (LI) professionals in Nigeria and the impact of COVID-19 on libraries, librarians and library services, were studied. The significance of demographic factors on LI professionals' perception of COVID-19 and its impact on libraries was tested. Descriptive survey design and Purpose sampling technique were adopted. LIS professionals in Nigeria constituted the population, and an online questionnaire designed by the researchers through Microsoft Forms was used. Descriptive analysis of respondents' demographic data and their covid-19 perception were presented in frequencies and percentages using tables while multivariate regression technique was used to test the significance of relationship between variables at P < 0.05. Findings revealed that many (61.4%) of the respondents agreed that COVID-19 is real but have personal reservations. However, 47.5% indicated that COVID-19 is a scientific invention. On the impacts of COVID-19 on libraries, the study found that COVID-19 is a game changer that will enhance the creation of new services by libraries, cause the reconfiguration of library space for safe operations in post-COVID, establishment of new rules and regulations, and more reliance on e-resources. On the test of association, educational qualification of respondents had a significant impact on respondents' perceptions that COVID-19 will reduce the use of library print resources (P-value = 0.005, B: 0.38, [95% CI: 0.115 - 0.646]) and that library will create new services to address the changes caused by COVID-19. Also, educational qualification of respondents significantly influenced respondents' perception that COVID-19 is real. The study recommends that libraries should take advantage of the season to innovate, and that public health institutions should continually educate people on corona virus to disabuse people's mind of conspiracy theories.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 1996.12a
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• pp.196-238
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• 1996

Because global innovation-based competition is increasing and the amount of R&D expenditures becomes severely large, it is more likely that mergers and collaborative ventures tend to affect adversely to R&D competition Against this trend, enforcing agency of advanced countries including U.S.A are reassessing certain aspects of competition policy toward mergers and acquisition to ensure that procompetitive, efficiency-enhancing transactions are permitted. The role of competition policy is developing and appropriating new technology and protects the risks involved in the licensing contract of technologies. The role of intellectual property rights is also contrived to promote technological innovation and to increase consumer welfare. That is to say, dynamic efficiency of intellectual property rights includes (l) increase in social welfare and (2) promotion of growth by improvement of quality through invention and commercialization of new product as well as enhanced productive efficiency thorough appropriating new process. Because intellectual property rights are licensed to make use of complementary inputs, the rule of reason approach seems proper when applying antitrust law. To analyze the "Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing and Acquisition of Intellectual Property"by DOJ and FTC in U.S.A, the author surveyed pros and cons on innovation market approach. This approach will only be used in a narrow range of situations when the evidence is solid, concentration numbers are extremely high, and the agencies can predict with a high degree of certainty that the merger will likely lead either to a slowing in the pace of innovation or the loss of an alternative research track that is likely to lead to a product beneficial to consumers. The author introduces the studies on licensing contract of intellectual property rights and competition polices on behalf of potential inquirers. Also the author invites the interdisciplinary researchers to analyze further with a model on the aspects of the "Notice 1995-10 for Types and Criteria on Unfair Transaction Behavior in International Contracts" by Fair Trade Committee of Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.88-99
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• 2005

This research aimed to investigate the current trends of rooftop greening techniques of frequent use within and without Korea. It is also expected that this research will help developing new rooftop greening techniques appropriate for Korean environment. Data for this study have been collected from patent applications for rooftop greening techniques; the web sites of the Korean Intellectual Property Office as well as patent offices in Germany and Japan, where active researches on rooftop greening techniques are in progress. 168 applications within a period from the year of 1984 to December of 2004 were examined, among which Japan excelled with its 81 applications followed by Germany(54), Korea(31)and USA(2). In case of Japan, where more patent applications were found than in any other countries, applications for Plant Base(38) excelled others - System(36), Management(4) and Plant(3) in the number of applications. As for Germany, 25 cases were on Plant Base, 25 cases on System, and 4 cases on Plant; in Korea, 15 cases were on Plant Base, 11 cases on System, 3 cases on Plant and 2 cases on Management; in USA, 1 cases were on System and 1 cases on Plant. Overall, the total number of patent applications in three countries reaches 168 cases; among which Plant Base topped in all four countries, followed by 73 cases on System. Applications concerning Plant and Management totalled to 11 and 6 for each. In conclusion, most patents were concentrated on Plant Base and System while researches on Plant and Management still do not get as much attention as they deserve. Research and development of various techniques on Plant must be a precondition for the formation of diverse Bio-tops suitable for the environments of specific areas. Concrete researches on rooftop greening techniques will contribute to the improvement of urban ecosystem by developing more convenient and easily applicable techniques during the time of actual construction.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.1-14
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• 2000

The Near Infrared region of the energy spectrum was first discovered by Hershel in the year 1800. The principles of NIR is based on light absorption of specific organic chemical bonds. The absorption at each wavelength is measured and a spectre is obtained. The spectre is then treated mathematically and with the absorption data is converted to absolute units via a calibration. In the last two decades it has developed dramatically. With the invention of computers and the ability to treat a large amount of data in a very short time the use of NIR for many different purposes has developed very fast. During the last decade with the aid of very powerful PC's the application of NIR technology has become even more widespread. Now or days development of very robust calibrations can be done in a relatively short time with a minimum of resources. The use of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) in the Meat industry is relatively new. The first installations were taken into operation in the 80ties. The Meat Industry in often referred to as rather conservative and slow to embrace new technologies, they stay with the old and proven methods. The first NIR instruments used by the Meat Industry, and most other industries, were multipurpose build, which means that the sample presentation was not well suited to this particular application, or many other applications for that sake. As the Meat Industry grows and develops to meet the demands of the modern markets, they realise the need for better control of processes and final products. From the early 90 ties and onward the demand for 'rear time' rapid results starts growing, and some suppliers of NIR instruments (and instruments based on other technologies, like X-ray) start to develop and manufacture instrumentation dedicated to the particular needs of the Meat Industry. Today it is estimated that there are approximately 2000 rapid instruments placed in the Meat industry world-wide. By far most of these are used as at-line or laboratory installations, but the trend and need is moving towards real on-line or in-line solutions. NIR is the most cost effective and reproducible analytical procedure available for the twenty first century.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.723-730
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• 2024

In order to trace the changes in the concept and understanding of automatically generated images, this study analogously explores the creative methods of photography and cinema, which represent the existing image fields, in terms of AI-based image creation methods and 'automaticity', and discusses the understanding and possibilities of new automatic image creation. At the time of the invention of photography and cinema, the field of 'automatic creation' was established for them in comparison to traditional art genres such as painting. Recently, as AI has been applied to video production, the concept of 'automatic creation' has been expanded, and experimental creations that freely cross the boundaries of literature, art, photography, and film are active. By utilizing technologies such as machine learning and deep learning, AI automated creation allows AI to perform the creative process independently. Automated creation using AI can greatly improve efficiency, but it also risks compromising the personal and subjective nature of art. The problem stems from the fact that AI cannot completely replace human creativity.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.337-346
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• 2016

Makerspace was constructed to assist the public in creating new business, industry and market opportunities by combining their creative ideas with technology. So far, in Korea, a total of 58 makerspaces have been constructed and are running currently. Makerspaces are equipped with a variety of high-tech devices such as 3D printing technology and a laser cutter as means for transforming ideas into their prototypes. In this study, we examined users' experiences in makerspaces using online questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. We then presented motivations for using makerspace, interest in using it, concerns about using technologies, and other issues related to using makerspaces. Based on the results, we proposed three suggestions to improve users' experiences in makerspaces. These suggestions include: (1) supporting teaching and learning practices in makerspaces, (2) providing professional development opportunities for instructors in makerspaces, and (3) promoting innovative services that accommodate diverse users' needs.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 2021

In Sapiens it shows the reason that sapiens has conquered the earth for the invention of intersubjective reality. In Homodeus sapiens made the science revolution through the religion of humanism. The development of science showed that human free will and emotion is just made through the chemical interaction of neuron which can be manipulated and developed. Algorithm and data wlll be the sovereign which make decision in everything. Yuval Harari tells us the Homodeus appear and break down the order of equality. His anticipation proves right in competition law issues. The collusion through the algorithm makes it difficult to apply existing cartel logic. Agreement is the ground of responsibility but undertaking is not responsible in the market where sovereign algorithm decides eveything. Extreme price differentiation can appear and break down the existing market logic and competition dogma. Everything changes and it is necessary to have the flexible attitude and develop new logic.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.487-497
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• 2017

South Korea needs reorganization of dispute resolution system due to the frequent occurrence of a case that trade secret or technique are leaked. First, the distributed various laws are established and enforced by enacting and enforcing individual laws. Therefore, the redundancy problems, the collision of individual laws, the decline in diversity, integrity, and connectivity are issues. An independent legal system is needed by Act on the Prevention and Protection of Technology Leakage. Thereby, The support system of technological protection that is sprayed in government departments such as the Small and Medium Business Administration, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Patent Office, the Fair Trade Commission, the Trade Committee, the National Police Agency, and the Spy Agency integrates and unifies institutionally, and it is necessary to advance a policy with functional division. Second, the Patent Tribunal, the Invention Promotion Act, the Industrial Property Right Dispute Mediation Committee by the patent law, the Industrial Technical Dispute Mediation Committee on the Industrial Technology Outflow Prevention and Protection Law and the Medium and Small Firm Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Committee on Small Business Technology Protection Support Law are installed. However, since it established the integrated law on the Act on the Prevention and Protection of Technology Leakage, it is desirable to set the merged operation of establishment on the Technical Dispute Mediation Committee under the Small and Medium Business Administration or the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy.