• 대한약침학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2021

Flavonoids consist a wide range of naturally occurring compounds which are exclusively found in different fruits and vegetables. These medicinal herbs have a number of favourable biological and therapeutic activities such as antioxidant, neuroprotective, renoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-tumor. Troxerutin, also known as vitamin P4, is a naturally occurring flavonoid which is isolated from tea, coffee and cereal grains as well as vegetables. It has a variety of valuable pharmacological and therapeutic activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-tumor. These pharmacological impacts have been demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies. Also, clinical trials have revealed the efficacy of troxerutin for management of phlebocholosis and hemorrhoidal diseases. In the present review, we focus on the therapeutic effects and biological activities of troxerutin as well as its molecular signaling pathways.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.92-95
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• 2011

Pyrophosphates are the key intermediates in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids, and their concentrations could reveal the benefits of statins in cardiovascular diseases. Quantitative analysis of five pyrophosphates, including isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in negative ionization mode. After dilution with methanol, samples were separated on a 3 ${\mu}m$ particle multi-modal $C_{18}$ column ($50{\times}2$ mm) and quantified within 10 min. The gradient elution consists of 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate and 0.5% triethylamine (TEA) in water and 0.1% TEA in 80% acetonitrile was used at the flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Overall recoveries were 51.4-106.6%, while the limit of quantification was 0.05 ${\mu}g$/mL for GPP and FPP and 0.1 ${\mu}g$/mL for IPP, DMAPP, and GGPP. The precision (% CV) and accuracy (% bias) of the assay were 1.9-12.3% and 89.6-111.8%, respectively, in 0.05-10 ${\mu}g$/mL calibration ranges ($R^2$ > 0.993). The devised LC-MS/MS technique with the multi-modal $C_{18}$ column can be used to estimate the biological activity of pyrophosphates in plasma and may be applicable to cardiovascular events with cholesterol metabolism as well as the drug efficacy of statins.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권9호
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• pp.918-923
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• 2003

L-theanine Is an amino acid in green tea and has been known to decrease serotonin and increase norepinephrine in rat brains, and also reported to produce mental relaxation, lower blood pressure and improve learning ability in human beings. But, few studies on these effects for human beings have been conducted so far. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of L-theanine on the release of brain alpha waves known to be related with mental relaxation and concentration. Twenty healthy male volunteers aged 18 to 30 years without any Physical and Psychological diseases were recruited through written advertisement. Alpha power values of EEG as a surrogate marker of mental relaxation and concentration were measured in frontal and occipital regions for 40 minutes after administration of four placebo or test tablets and 20 minute resting period. The same procedure crossed over at 7-day intervals. We analyzed average alpha power values in frontal and occipital regions at 10 minute intervals. Repeated ANOVA revealed that there were significant differences of occipital alpha power values between placebo and test groups with high anxiety (p < 0.05). The mean values at 20,30,40,50 and 60 minute intervals were 0.23, 024, 0.28, 0.25 and 0.34 in placebo, respectively and 0.23, 0.29, 0.40, 0.34, and 0.45 in test, respectively. But there were no significant differences of frontal and occipital alpha power values between placebo and test groups with low anxiety (p > 0.05) . The results of this study suggest that L-theanine containing tablets promote the release of alpha waves related to mental relaxation and concentration in young adult males.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2009

Background: A major ingredient of green tea is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and this is known to have many beneficial effects for cancer prevention and also on the cardiovascular system and neurodegenerative diseases through its anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and neuroprotective properties. Its actions on nociception and the spinal nervous system have been examined in only a few studies, and in these studies EGCG showed an antinociceptive effect on inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and a neuroprotective effect in motor neuron disease. This study was performed to investigate the effect of EGCG on acute thermal pain and the development of morphine tolerance at the spinal level. Methods: The experimental subjects were male Sprague-Dawley rats and the Hot-Box test was employed. A single or double-lumen intrathecal catheter was implanted at the lumbar enlargement for drug administration. An osmotic pump was used to infuse morphine for 7 days for induction of morphine tolerance. EGCG was injected repeatedly for 7 days at twice a day through the intrathecal catheter. Results: Intrathecal EGCG increased the paw withdrawal latency (PWL) after repeated administration for 7 days at twice a day, but this did not happen with administering on single bolus injection of EGCG. In addition, the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal morphine was not affected by co-administration with EGCG. A continuous 7-day infusion of morphine caused a significant decrease of the PWL in the control group (M + S, morphine plus saline). In contrast, intrathecal EGCG injection over 7 days blocked the decrease of the PWL in the experiment group (M + E, morphine plus EGCG). Conclusions: Intrathecal ECGC produced a weak antinociceptive effect for acute thermal pain, but it did not change the morphine's analgesic effect. However, the development of antinociceptive tolerance to morphine was attenuated by administering intrathecal EGCG.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권21호
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• pp.9065-9070
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• 2014

The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is high in Western and Northern Europe and North America, and low in Asia. Although the incidence of RCC in Japan is lower than the rates in the other industrialized countries, there is no doubt that it is increasing. In this paper, we would like to introduce the summary of findings of JACC study, which evaluate the risk factors for RCC in a Japanese population. JACC study suggests nine risk factors (i.e., smoking, obesity, low physical activity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, kidney diseases, beef, fondness for fatty food and black tea) and one preventive factor (i.e., starchy roots such as taro, sweet potato and potato) in a Japanese population. In Japan, however, drinking black tea may be a surrogate for westernized dietary habits while eating starchy roots may be a surrogate for traditional Japanese dietary habits. Further studies may be needed to evaluate risk factors for RCC because the number of cases is small in our studies.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.73-78
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• 2012

트랜스 지방 과다섭취는 심혈관계 질환의 위험인자이다. 이 연구는 녹차의 섭취가 대표적인 트랜스 지방인 elaidic acid의 소장 흡수율에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해서 설계하였다. 소장 지방 흡수를 in vivo 상태에서 측정하기 위해서 흰쥐의 '소장지방흡수모델(mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rat model)'을 이용하여 십이지장주입관(intraduodenal catether)과 림프채취관(lymph duct cannula)을 각각 십이지장과 소장 림프관에 설치하였다. 십이지장주입관으로 주입된 지질유화액은 $180.0{\mu}mol$ elaidic acid, $400.0{\mu}mol$ triolein, $20.7{\mu}mol$ cholesterol, $3.1{\mu}mol$ a-tocopherol, $396{\mu}mol$ sodium taurocholate 그리고 24 mL PBS 용액을 기본성분으로 했고 이 지질유화액만 공급받은 동물을 대조군(control), 녹차추출물이 추가된 지질유화액을 공급받은 동물을 녹차군으로 하였다. 지질유화액은 시간당 3 mL씩 8시간 동안 주입하였고 동시에 소장 림프관에 설치된 림프채취관으로 분비되는 림프 시료를 매시간 8시간 동안 채취하여 분석하였다. 결과적으로, 8시간 동안 소장 림프채취관으로 분비된 림프의 양은 녹차에 의해서 유의적으로 감소하였고 elaidic acid의 흡수율(분비율) 또한 녹차에 의해서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 콜레스테롤, 올레산, 인지질의 흡수율도 녹차에 의해서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 이상의 결과들은 녹차가 elaidic acid 뿐만 아니라 기타 주요 식이성 지방들의 소장흡수를 억제하는데 효과적인 수단이 될 수 있다는 것을 증명한 연구라 판단된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권7호
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• pp.958-965
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• 2016

본 연구는 산업 부산물의 이용성 증진을 위하여 폐자원인 녹차씨껍질 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 신경세포 보호 효과에 관하여 평가하였다. 녹차씨껍질로부터 유용성 성분을 얻기 위하여 에탄올 추출을 한 결과 약 1.44%의 추출물의 수율을 얻을 수 있었고, 항산화 활성에 관하여 평가하기 위하여 라디칼 소거능 및 xanthine oxidase 저해능, 환원력을 평가한 결과, 녹차씨껍질 추출물의 농도가 증가할수록 항산화 활성이 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 이러한 녹차씨껍질 추출물의 뇌신경세포 보호 효과에 관하여 알아보기 위하여 생쥐의 해마 유래 뇌신경세포에 녹차씨껍질 추출물을 처리한 후 $H_2O_2$로 산화적인 스트레스를 유도하여 세포독성에 관하여 알아본 결과, 녹차씨껍질 추출물의 처리는 농도 의존적으로 뇌신경 세포의 생존율을 증가시켰으며, 이에 따라 항산화 효소인 SOD 활성이 증가하고 지질과산화 생성물인 MDA level이 감소한 것을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과들로 녹차씨껍질 추출물의 항산화 활성 및 뇌신경세포 보호 효과에 관하여 확인할 수 있었으며, 추후 어떤 메커니즘으로 신경세포를 보호하는지 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각한다. 또한, 이러한 결과를 활용하여 녹차씨껍질을 기능성 소재로 활용한다면 폐자원인 녹차씨껍질을 재활용하는 차원에서 그 경제적 가치가 매우 클 것으로 생각한다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.706-713
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• 2012

$Monascus$ $pilosus$에 의한 발효뽕잎차(FMM: fermented mulberry leaves tea)의 monacolin K 함량, citrinin의 유무, 관능적 품질, total polyphenol 및 total flavonoid의 함량, ROS 생성계 효소인 xanthine oxidase 저해활성 및 ROS 소거계 효소류의 활성을 건조뽕잎(UFM: unfermented mulberry leaves)과 비교하였다. FMM은 UFM에 비하여 색상 기호도 및 종합적 기호도가 유의적으로 높았다. FMM에 함유된 total monacolin K 함량은 0.056%(dry basis)로 활성형이 83.93%를 차지하였으며 citrinin은 검출되지 않았다. Total polyphenol과 total flavonoid의 함량 모두 UFM에서 현저히 높았다. XO 저해활성과 SOD 유사활성은 농도에 비례하여 높았으며 UFM이 FMM에 비하여 높았다. 전자공여능과 ferric-reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)의 경우도 UFM과 FMM 모두에서 농도에 비례하여 증가하였으나, UFM에서 FMM에 비하여 현저히 증가하였다. Ferrous iron chelating 활성의 경우에도 추출물의 첨가 농도에 비례하여 증가하였고 그 증가의 정도는 UFM이 FMM에 비해 더욱 강하게 나타났으나, 4.0 mg/mL 이상의 농도에서는 감소하였다. 한편 polyphenol 또는 flavonoid 함량 당의 XO 저해활성과 SOD 유사활성 및 FRAP는 FMM이 UFM에 비하여 현저하게 높았다. 이상의 결과들을 종합해 볼 때, 뽕잎을 $M.$ $pilosus$로 발효시킨 FMM은 홍국의 기능성을 가짐과 더불어 상당히 강한 항산화능과 기호성을 관찰할 수 있어 ROS로 야기될 수 있는 여러 질병의 예방과 치료에 도움을 줄 수 있는 기초자료가 될 것이라 사료된다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.549-556
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• 2015

Consumption of herbal tea [flower buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr. et Perry (Myrtaceae)] is associated with health beneficial effects against multiple diseases including diabetes, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. Emerging evidences have reported that High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is considered as a key "late" proinflammatory factor by its unique secretion pattern in aforementioned diseases. Dimethyl cardamonin (2',4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone, DMC) is a major ingredient of C. operculatus flower buds. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of DMC and its underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages. DMC notably suppressed the mRNA expressions of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and HMGB1, and also markedly decreased their productions in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Intriguingly, DMC could notably reduce LPS-stimulated HMGB1 secretion and its nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation. Furthermore, DMC dose-dependently inhibited the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and protein kinase C alpha (PKC${\alpha}$). All these data demonstrated that DMC had anti-inflammatory effects through reducing both early (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6) and late (HMGB1) cytokines expressions via interfering with the PI3K-PDK1-PKC${\alpha}$ signaling pathway.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.204-218
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 약선 요리의 문제점을 도출하여 향후 약선 음식이 나아가야 할 방향을 제시하고, 약선 전문식당의 고객유지 및 고객확보를 위한 마케팅 전략을 수립하여 외식산업의 한 축으로 성장할 수 있는 효율적인 운영방향을 제시하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 영향요인인 구매동기의 성인병예방, 지방함유량, 무공해식품, 식품균형이 재구매의도와 추천의도에 미치는 영향에 관한 가정을 검증한 결과, 약선 요리의 구매동기는 성인병, 지방, 무공해식품 등 건강에 대한 소비자의 욕구를 충족할 수 있는 약선 요리의 수준이 높을수록 재구매의도와 추천의도에 유의적인 영향을 미친다는 검증결과가 나타났다. 영향요인인 구매동기의 성인병예방, 지방함유량, 무공해식품, 식품균형이 매개요인인 만족도에 미치는 영향에 관한 가설을 검증한 결과, 지방함유량을 제외한 성인병예방, 무공해식품, 식품균형이 유의적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서 이러한 연구의 분석결과를 바탕으로, 약선요리와 약선 전문식당 운영에 대한 유용한 정보를 제시하고자 하였다.