• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.49
• /
• pp.409-434
• /
• 2011

SWIFT has designed Trade Services Utility(TSU) to meet the new paradigm of electronic trade. The Trade Services Utility is a matching and workflow application that sits on the SWIFT network. The TSU is designed to help banks offer advanced supply chain services to their corporate customers who are involved in open account trading. Nowadays, the Bank payment obligation(BPO) can optionally be included in a baseline by mutual consent. The BPO is an irrevocable and conditional obligation of an obligor bank(buyers bank) to pay a specified amount to seller's bank according to an established baseline of a single TSU transaction. Therefore, SWIFT enables its customers to automate and standardise financial transactions, thereby lowering costs, reducing operational risk and eliminating inefficiencies from their operations. Whereas, Banks can use the core functionality of the Trade Services Utility to offer competitive services that complement existing services. But SWIFT need to come up with the measures of activating the TSU BPO. So, this paper is to introduce TSU BPO and check the measures for the activation of the TSU BPO under the electronic trade environment.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.3-21
• /
• 2016

The thesis examines genealogical study of various aspects to overcome lots of problems which come by when we execute SWIFTNet TSU BPO. Practical implications regarding the innovation of electronic trade infrastructure are as follows. First, the shipping documents in the SWIFTNet TSU BPO are directly sent to an importer by an exporter after the baseline is confirmed. With this process itself, therefore, the bank cannot secure the account receivable. When initiating the SWIFTNet TSU BPO deal, it is needed to set regulations on the bank's account receivable security in the contract. Second, the SWIFTNet TSU BPO should also have an institutionally unified sharing platform with security, stability and convenience. It other words, it is needed to develop services which meet e-payment paradigm and international environments through continued analysis on market changes and flow. Third, the SWIFTNet TSU is useful in terms of promptness, reduction of risk in foreign exchange payment, cost reduction. Therefore, the SWIFT should be perfectly united and linked among the banks, importer and exporter to make the SWIFTNet TSU more convenient in countries around the world. Fourth, the SWIFT should be approached from the aspect of expansion of network and creation of a new business model through analysis on these problems with a worldwide perspective. At the same time, it is necessary to build a cooperative system to share information and promote comprehensive management for efficient operation.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.3-18
• /
• 2015

This thesis examines the performance and improvement strategy of SWIFTNet TSU's BPO for computerization and suggests the following results: First, the URBPO should be legally complemented, and the SWIFT and banks need to keep improving the systems to meet trade parties' diverse needs. Second, the SWIFTNet TSU's BPO should have an institutionally unified sharing platform with security, stability and convenience. In other words, it is needed to develop services which meet e-payment paradigm and international and regional environments through continued analysis on market changes and flow. Third, in order for the SWIFTNet TSU BPO to evolve into a perfect global system, there should be an innovative payment solution which can meet all trade parties all over the world. For this, technology standardization for a worldwide e-trade payment system is essential. Lastly, based on the results derived from this study, an analysis framework with which more diverse and practical environmental variables can be analyzed should be developed.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.60
• /
• pp.141-175
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study aims to the implications by the introduction of TSU/BPO system as a instrument of trade settlement. Jointly with financial messaging provider SWIFT, the ICC Banking Commission has developed the URBPO to take into account the legitimate expectations of all relevant sectors. Once the goods have been shipped, the seller's bank uploads the shipping and logistics data to the TSU to be checked against the baseline. URBPO is the first ever set of standards in supply chain finance that governs BPO transactions worldwide. BPO enables banks to reduce the risks associated with international trade to the benefit of both buyers and sellers. A BPO is an irrevocable undertaking given by an Obliger Bank to a Recipient Bank to pay a specified amount under the condition of a successful electronic matching of data or acceptance of mismatches. The BPO should be viewed as an exercise in collaboration between trading partners and their banks. Drawings upon global standards and incorporating the benefits offered by letters of credit, the new instrument has the potential to benefit all parties in a trade transaction-and bring trade settlement into the 21st century.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.20-24
• /
• 2024

Over the past four years, as the COVID-19 pandemic has struck the world, cold chain of COVID-19 vaccination has become a hot topic. In order to overcome the pandemic situation, it is necessary to establish a cold chain that maintains a low-temperature environment below approximately 203K (-70℃), which is the appropriate storage temperature for vaccines, from vaccine suppliers to local hospitals. Usually, cryocoolers are used to maintain low temperatures, but it is difficult for small-scale local distribution to have cryocooler due to budget and power supply issues. Accordingly, in this paper, a cryogenic TSU (Thermal storage unit) system for vaccination cold chain is designed that can maintain low temperatures below -70℃C for a long time without using a cryocooler. The performance of the TSU system according to the energy storage material for using as TSU is experimentally evaluated. In the experiments, four types of cold storage materials were used: 20% DMSO aqueous solution, 30% DMSO aqueous solution, paraffin wax, and tofu. Prior to the experiment, the specific heat of the cold storage materials at low temperature were measured. Through this, the thermal diffusivity of the materials was calculated, and paraffin wax had the lowest value. As a result of the TSU system's low-temperature maintenance test, paraffin wax showed the best low-temperature maintenance performance. And it recorded a low-temperature maintenance time that was about 24% longer than other materials. As a result of analyzing the temperature trend by location within the TSU system, it was observed that heat intrusion from the outside was not well transmitted to the low temperature area due to the low thermal conductivity of paraffin wax. Therefore, in the TSU system for vaccine storage, it was experimentally verified that the lower the thermal diffusivity of the cold storage material, the better low temperature maintenance performance.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.585-610
• /
• 2012

There have been various attempt to offer commercial service of electronic payment. Actually, however, there has been few electronic payment model that are being used commercial service. Among them, it is estimated that only TSU(Trade Service Utility) of SWIFT will be succeed in providing commercial service possibility. In Korea e-L/C Distribution & Management System was constructed and become the first e-L/C service on a global basis via e-Trade Facilitation 3 Years Project and then started offering the world first e-L/C service. Some scholars have insisted the opinion that SWIFT L/C means e-L/C, but such opinion may be wrong because SWIFT L/C means the L/C advised by SWIFT(Society for Worldwid Interbank Financial Telecommunication) under the condition that a series of procedure from the issuance of L/C to the advice is done by SWIFT system. Because perfect e-L/C should be organically connected by SWIFT network and also, the e-L/C business between overseas banks and their customers should be organically linked with each other. The purpose of this paper is contribute to the commercialization of e-L/C distribution system by studying the current status of infrastructure concerned with domestic and overseas electronic payment and future e-payment infrastructure, seeking to be introduced internationally by doing things.

• 방재와보험
• /
• s.131
• /
• pp.17-19
• /
• 2009

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.1126-1133
• /
• 2002

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for a class of positional and geometric conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid (LA) and has anti-cancer activity in experimental animals. We have previously observed that an isomeric mixture of CLA and trans-10,cis-12 (t10c12) inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner whereas LA and cis-9,trans-11 (c9t11) had no effect. The present study examined whether the CLA mixture and t10c12 induce apoptotic cell death. TSU-Prl cells were incubated for three days in serum-free medium in the absence or presence of individual fatty acids, and the DNA fragmentation assay was performed. Cells treated with the CLA mixture or t10c12 produced a distinct oligonucleosomal ladder with different sizes of DNA fragments, a typical characteristic of cells undergoing apoptosis. By contrast, LA and c9t11 had no effect. Western immunoblot analysis of total lysates revealed that t10c12 reduced anti-apoptotic, 26 kDa, Bcl-2 protein levels by 49$\pm$8% compared with controls, whereas this CLA isomer did not alter pro-apoptotic,21 kDa, Bax protein levels. These results suggest that growth inhibitory effect of the t10c12 CLA isomer may, at least in part, be attributed to Increased apoptotic death in TSU-Prl cells.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.97-108
• /
• 2001

This study is to find out the definition of the science of architecture which agree with the ideal of architecture form the roots of Lao-tsus Tao-te-ching. The science of architecture is that of which the architect wants to realise the ideal of architecture in the realities of life. Lao-tsu says that the roots of man and universe is nothing and doing of nothing. Nothing makes sense with constant-nothing and constant-existance, and is named with bright. And becomes the light. We can say that the definition of the science of architecture of nothing. And architecture of nothing is the foundation of the architecture for man. When the architecture of nothing for man agrees with the realities, the action becomes doing of nothing. And it is the very architecture of doing of nothing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
• /
• 2003.10a
• /
• pp.173-173
• /
• 2003