• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.375-383
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sex, environmental factors, and feeding system on the carcass traits of Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle). Data were collected from 7,866 heads slaughtered in Chungnam province during one-year period. Using the collected carcass traits data which greatly influence a Hanwoo's carcass grade, the effects of sex class, slaughter season, and feeding system were estimated. Backfat thickness of steers was significantly higher than that of bulls (p < 0.05). Marbling score was also the highest in steers when compared with cows and bulls (p < 0.05). Live weight and carcass weight were significantly higher in winter than in summer (p < 0.05). However, backfat thickness was significantly lower in summer than in other seasons (p < 0.05). Marbling score was higher in spring and fall than in summer and winter (p < 0.05). In terms of feeding systems, TMR (Total mixed ration) and TMF (Total mixed fermentation feed) fed groups showed the highest carcass grade (p < 0.05). However, the group fed TMR and formula feed at the final fattening period showed the lowest performance (p < 0.05) and it is assumed that some stress was associated to the feed change. The results reconfirm that castration may be recommended in order to improve meat quality and marbling scores in bulls. There was no consistent trend of seasonal effects of slaughter on carcass traits although some traits were significantly affected. Regarding the feeding system, either TMR or TMF can be supplied to achieve high feed efficiency and good carcass characteristics in Hanwoo.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.841-853
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• 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with calcium oxide (CaO) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) as substitutional ingredient of total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro fermentation, in situ disappearance and growth performance of Holstein steers. Cannulated Holstein (600 ± 47 kg) was used for both the in vitro and in situ experiments. The treatments used were TMR only (CON), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products fresh matter (FM) basis (TC), TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis (TCC), and TMR + 30% Kimchi cabbage by-products FM basis + 5% CaO FM basis + 3.22% AHP FM basis (TCCA). For in vivo experiment, thirty-four Holstein steers (273 ± 45 kg) were subjected to a 150-day feeding trial, divided into two groups: CON and TC. In the in vitro experiment, pH of TCCA was greatest (p < 0.05) among other treatments at all incubation times. Ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acid concentrations were not significantly different for each treatment. However, butyrate was greater (p < 0.05) in TCC and CON than in both TC and TCCA. During in situ experiment, the dry matter (DM) disappearance was greatest (p < 0.05) in TCCA among other treatments. Also, disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were observed greatest (p > 0.05) in TCCA treatment. In the in vivo experiment, average daily gain (ADG) did not differ between CON and TC. In blood profile analysis, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total protein concentration were not significantly different between treatments. But, creatinine concentration was greater (p < 0.05) in TC than in CON. Overall results suggest that Kimchi cabbage by-products either treated or untreated with CaO and AHP can be used as substitutional ingredient in TMR for Holstein steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1117-1123
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• 2017

Objective: This study was conducted to compare growth performance, blood components and carcass traits by two feeding systems (concentrate with roughage separately [CON] vs total mixed ration [TMR]) in Hanwoo steers, and to learn the relationship between blood components during fattening or finishing phases and carcass traits in Hanwoo steers. Methods: Sixty steers aged 8 months were allotted to two feeding systems and fed similar amounts of average dry matter and total digestible nutrient throughout whole experimental period according to each feeding program. Steers were weighed monthly, taken blood at the end of growing, fattening and finishing periods, and slaughtered at 30 month of age. Results: Growing performance was higher (p<0.05) in the CON group compared to the TMR group during fattening and finishing periods. The CON group was lower (p<0.05) in blood aspartic acid transaminase, blood urea nitrogen and retinol levels during growing period, but higher in triglyceride and cholesterol levels during fattening and finishing periods compared to the TMR group. The CON group was greater (p<0.05) in rib-eye area, and lighter (p<0.05) red in meat color compared to the TMR group. In the correlation coefficients between blood components of steers and carcass traits, retinol had a negative (p<0.05) correlation with marbling score and rib-eye area. Leptin had a positive (p<0.05) correlation with back fat thickness. Blood cholesterol and triglyceride were positively (p<0.05) correlated with carcass weight and rib-eye area. Conclusion: Growth performance, carcass ribeye area and meat color showed a more desirable result in the CON compared to the TMR in Hanwoo steers. Assessing the accumulated data of carcass traits with blood components including hormones-particularly retinol, cholesterol, triglyceride, and leptin-during the fattening or finishing phases, it may be possible to find a biomarker for determining beef quality in living animals.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.392-399
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• 2017

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary proteins as fraction-enriched protein, defined by Cornell net carbohydrates and protein system (CNCPS), on in vivo ruminal fermentation pattern and blood metabolites in Holstein steers fed total mixed ration (TMR) containing 17.2% crude protein. Four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design consumed TMR only (control) and TMR with rapeseed meal (AB1), soybean meal (B2), and perilla meal (B3C). Each protein was substituted for 23.0% of crude protein in TMR. Rumen digesta were taken through ruminal cannula at 1 h interval during the feeding cycle in order to analyze ruminal pH, ammonia-N, and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Plasma metabolites in blood taken via the jugular vein after the rumen digesta sampling were analyzed. Feeding perilla meal significantly (p < 0.05) decreased mean ruminal pH compared with control and the other protein feeding groups. Compared with control, feeding protein significantly (p < 0.05) increased ruminal ammonia-N concentration except for AB1. Statistically (p > 0.05) similar total VFA appeared among control and the supplemented groups. However, control, AB1, and B2 showed higher (p < 0.05) acetate concentrations than B3C, and propionate was vice versa. CNCPS fractionated protein significantly (p < 0.05) affected concentrations of albumin and total protein in blood; i.e. plasma albumin was lower for control and B2 groups than AB1 and B3C groups. Despite lack of significances (p > 0.05) in creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, AB1 and B2 groups were numerically higher than the others.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.129-140
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• 2014

본 연구는 농 식품부산물 중 비지박, 사자발약쑥 그리고 커피박의 유효미생물 (L. acidophilus ATCC 496, L. fermentum ATCC 1493, L. plantarum KCTC 1048, L. casei IFO 3533) 발효 사료원이 젖소 급여용 TMR (대조구) 중 대두박을 주로 대체한 각 비지박 (SC), 발효 비지박 (FSC), 발효 비지박+발효 사자발약쑥 부산물 (1:1, DM basis, FSCS) 3, 5, 10% 그리고 발효 비지박 + 발효 커피박 (1:1, DM basis, FSCC) 3, 5, 10%의 반추위 내 미생물 발효특성을 알아보기 위해 9처리구를 이용하여 3반복으로 in vitro 시험이 실시되었다. 배양 6~8시간대에 FSCS와 FSCC 처리구는 SC와 FSC 처리구에 비해 높은 pH 수준을 유지하였고, 대조구에 비해 낮은 pH 수준을 유지하였다 (p<0.05). 또한 배양 24시간대 FSC와 FSCC 3% 처리구는 가장 높은 pH를 유지하였다 (p<0.05). Gas 생성량은 배양 4~10시간대까지 FSCS와 FSCC 처리구가 대조구 보다 유의적으로 높았으나 SC와 FSC 처리구 보다 낮은 결과를 나타내었다 (p<0.05). 건물소화율은 배양 12시간대까지 FSC 처리구에서 유의적으로 높았고 (p<0.05), 24시간대에는 FSCS 10% 처리구가 가장 높은 결과를 나타내었다 (p<0.05). $NH_3-N$ 함량은 배양 4시간대까지 대조구에서 가장 낮았고 (p<0.05), 24시간에서는 FSC 처리구가 가장 높은 결과를 나타내었다 (p<0.05). 미생물단백질 합성량은 배양 시작 시 FSC, FSCS 그리고 FSCC 처리구가 4종의 Lactobacillus spp.에 의한 발효 때문에 대조구와 SC 처리구에 비해 높았으며 (p<0.05), 배양 10시간대 FSC 처리구 보다 SC, FSCS 그리고 FSCC 처리구에서 유의하게 높은 결과를 나타내었다 (p<0.05). Total VFA 농도는 배양 6~12 시간대에는 FSC 처리구에 유의하게 높았고(p<0.05), 배양 24시간대에는 FSCS 처리구에서 가장 높았다 (p<0.05). Acetate 농도는 배양 0~12 시간대에 FSC 처리구에서 가장 높았으며 (p<0.05), 24시간대에는 FSCS 5, 10% 처리구에서 가장 높은 결과를 나타내었다 (p<0.05). Propionate 농도는 FSC 처리구가 배양 0~10시간대까지 가장 높았으며 (p<0.05), 전체 배양기간 동안 FSCS 5, 10% 처리구와 FSCC 처리구에 비해 높은 경향을 나타내었다. Acetate/Propionate 비율은 배양 12시간대에 SC 처리구에서 가장 높았으며, 배양 24시간대에는 FSCS 3% 처리구가 가장 낮은 결과를 나타내었다 (p<0.05). $CH_4$ 가스 생성량은 FSC 처리구에서 배양 0~10시간대까지 가장 높았으며 (p<0.05), 24시간대에는 가장 낮은 결과를 나타내었다 (p<0.05). 배양 4~10시간대까지 FSCS와 FSCC 처리구는 SC와 FSC 처리구에 비해 유의하게 낮은 $CH_4$ 가스 생성량을 나타내었고 (p<0.05), 사자발약쑥과 커피박 함량이 증가할수록 $CH_4$ 가스 생성량은 배양 종료 시까지 낮은 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서, 본 in vitro 시험에서 젖소 급여용 TMR에 SC, FSC, FSCS 그리고 FSCC의 대체효과는 FSC 처리구에서 배양 초기부터 12시간대까지 반추위 내 미생물 발효 특성이 가장 높았다. FSCS와 FSCC 처리구는 배양 6~8시간대 부터 반추위 내 미생물 작용이 높아지는 특징을 나타내었으나, 배양 시작 후 6~8시간대까지 gas 생성량 및 $CH_4$ 가스 발생량은 낮아지는 특징을 나타내었다. 이와 같은 결론은 FSC는 젖소용 TMR 사료원 대체 효과가 높으며, TMR 사료원 중 FSCS와 FSCC 대체효과는 배양 초기 다소 낮은 반추위 내 미생물 발효 특성을 나타내었으나 $CH_4$ 저감효과를 나타내었다. 또한 배양 후기에는 SC와 FSC의 반추위 내 미생물 발효 특성과 비슷한 경향을 나타내어 TMR 사료원으로써 이용 가치가 높을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.204-210
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• 2011

This study developed the cyclone conveying system using roughage cutter for the round bale reported in the previous papers. Performance tests were conducted whether it can easily separate dust from roughage such as rice straws and it can transport roughages from cutter to TMR mixer. In addition, the airflow patterns in the cyclone conveying system were investigated using CFD code (FLUENT 6.2) for various velocities of dust collection fan. The cyclone conveying system was designed based on dried rice straws with a diameter of 1,340 mm, a cylinder length of 1,220 mm, a cone length of 850 mm and the current velocity of the dust collection fan was 15~20 m/s. It was found that transporting of roughage from cutter to TMR mixer and the separation of dust were satisfactory, and the dust removal rate of rice straws was around 31.9%. CFD analysis showed that, at the blowing fan velocity of 11.6 m/s, the airflow velocity inside the dust collector increased as velocity of the dust collection fan increased, but the airflow patterns inside the dust collector were all much the same.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.527-534
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• 2023

삼중구조 시스템에서는 하나의 프로세서에서 고장이 발생해도 여유도 때문에 주어진 임무를 계속 수행할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 삼중구조 시스템에 체크포인터 기법을 도입한 후 고장 탐지와 체크포인터를 분리하는 새로운 고장 극복 방법을 제안한다. 먼저 한 개 프로세서에서 고장이 발생하면 고장 탐지와 동시에 모든 프로세서의 상태를 동기화함으로써 고장을 복구한다. 또한 두 개 이상의 프로세서에서 동시에 고장이 발생하면 직전의 체크포인터로 회귀하여 태스크를 재실행함으로써 고장을 복구한다. 본 논문에서는 태스크가 데드라인 이내에서 성공적으로 수행될 확률을 최대화하는 고장 탐지 구간과 체크포인터 구간의 선정 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방식을 탑재한 삼중구조 시스템을 마코프 체인으로 모델링하고 실시간 태스크의 성공적 수행 확률을 도출하는 모의실험을 수행하여 최적의 해를 구하는 과정을 제시한다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권6호
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• pp.1270-1289
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• 2023

This study evaluates how different feeding systems impact ruminal fermentation, methane production, and microbiota of Hanwoo steers native to Korea. In a replicated 2 × 2 crossover design over 29 days per period, eight Hanwoo steers (507.1 ± 67.4 kg) were fed twice daily using a separate feeding (SF) system comprising separate concentrate mix and forage or total mixed rations (TMR) in a 15:85 ratio. The TMR-feeding group exhibited a considerable neutral detergent fiber digestibility increase than the SF group. However, ruminal fermentation parameters and methane production did not differ between two feeding strategies. In addition, TMR-fed steers expressed elevated Prevotellaceae family, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, and an unidentified Veillonellaceae family genus abundance in their rumen, whereas SF-fed steers were rich in the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-004, and Succinivibrio. Through linear regression modeling, positive correlations were observed between the Shannon Diversity Index and the SF group's dry matter intake and methane production. Although feeding systems do not affect methane production, they can alter ruminal microbes. These results may guide future feeding system investigations or ruminal microbiota manipulations as a methane-mitigation practice examining different feed ingredients.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1195-1201
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• 2011

Since the release of safety standard IEC 61508 which defines functional safety of electronic safety-related systems, SIL(Safety Integrity Level) certification for railway systems has gained lots of attention lately. In this paper, we propose a new design technique of the computer board for train control systems with high reliability and safety. The board is designed with TMR(Triple Modular Redundancy) using a certified SIL3 Texas Instrument(TI)'s TMS570 MCU(Micro-Controller Unit) to guarantee safety and reliability. TMR for the control device is implemented on FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array) which integrates a comparator, a CAN(Controller Area Network) communication module, built-in self-error checking, error discriminant function to improve the reliability of the board. Even if a malfunction of a processing module occurs, the safety control function based on the proposed technique lets the system operate properly by detecting and masking the malfunction. An RTOS (Real Time Operation System) called FreeRTOS is ported on the board so that reliable and stable operation and convenient software development can be provided.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.260-265
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• 2018

TMR 급여와 분리급여가 반추위 메탄발생량 변화에 미치는 효과를 연구한 사례가 많지 않다. 본 실험은 1일 실험사료를 체중의 1.8%(실험 1) 그리고 2.4%(실험 2) 수준에서 급여하면서 triplicated $2{\times}2$ Latin square design을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 각 실험에는 6마리의 Holstein steer를 이용하였고 2개의 군으로 나누어 각각 TMR 급여 또는 분리급여를 하였다. 공시 사료의 농후사료와 조사료 비율은 73% 그리고 27%이었다. 두 실험 모두 사료급여 방식 간의 1일 메탄발생량 차이가 없었다. 현재까지 보고된 국내 연구와 본 연구에서 얻어진 개체 별 1일 건물섭취량과 1일 메탄발생량과의 관계를 분석한 결과, 메탄발생량 $(g/d)=11.5({\pm}1.3){\times}$ 건물섭취량(kg/d) + 14.2, $R^2=0.73$, p<0.001의 회귀식을 유도하였다.