• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.145-150
• /
• 2004

본 실험은 생미강을 부존 사료 자원으로 사용하기 위한 사료적 가치 평가와 육계의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명함과 동시에 TAAA와 TMEn을 이용한 사료배합의 필요성을 검증하기 위하여 실시하였다. 실험 1에서는 종계 수탉을 공시하여 생미강을 강제 급여함으로서 TME, TMEn 그리고 TAAA를 측정하였고, 실험 2에서는 대조구, 생미강(5, 10, 15%) 첨가구의 4개 처리구에 처리당 3반복 반복당 6수로 완전 임의 배치하여 사양실험을 실시하였다. 생미강의 TME와 TMEn은 건물기준으로 각각 3.25 kcal/g와 3.12 kcal/g이었고, 16개 아미노산의 평균 생체 이용율(TAAA)은 76.21% 이었다. 3주령부터 6주령까지 실시한 사양실험에서 생미강 첨가구에서 사료섭취량이 다소 증가하는 경향을 나타내었지만, 유의한 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 증체량과 사료요구율에 있어서도 생미강 첨가구에서 다소 높은 경향을 보였으나 유의한 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 본 실험 결과 TMEn과 TAAA를 기초로 사료를 배합할 경우 부존원료의 이용에 의한 성장성적의 저하를 막을 수 있었고, 생미강을 15%까지 첨가하여도 아무런 부정적인 영향 없이 사료를 배합할 수 있어 부존 사료 자원으로 이용할 수 있음이 입증되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.838-844
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate chemical composition, nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) and true amino acids digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced in China. Twenty five sources of corn DDGS was collected from 8 provinces of China. A precision-fed rooster assay was used to determine TMEn and amino acids digestibility with 35 adult cecectomized roosters, in which each DDGS sample was tube fed (30 g). The average content of ash, crude protein, total amino acid, ether extract, crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber were 4.81, 27.91, 22.51, 15.22, 6.35 and 37.58%, respectively. TMEn of DDGS ranged from 1,779 to 3,071 kcal/kg and averaged 2,517 kcal/kg. Coefficient of variation for non-amino acid crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and TMEn were 55.0, 15.7, 15.9 and 17.1%, respectively. The average true amino acid digestibility was 77.32%. Stepwise regression analysis obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = -2,995.6+0.88${\times}$gross energy+$49.63{\times}a^*$ (BIC = 248.8; RMSE = 190.8; p<0.01). Removing gross energy from the model obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = 57.88${\times}$ether extracts+$87.62{\times}a^*$ (BIC = 254.3, RMSE = 223.5; p<0.01). No correlation was found between color scores and lysine true digestibility (p>0.05). These results suggest that corn DDGS produced in China has a large variation in chemical composition, and gross energy and $a^*$ value can be used to generate TMEn predict equation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.386-393
• /
• 2011

Three trials were conducted to determine the available energy of different wheat screening varieties collected from different locations of Khorasan in Iran. In experiment 1, chemical composition and the nitrogen corrected true metabolisable energy (TMEn) were evaluated. A precision-fed rooster assay was used, in which, each wheat screening sample was tube fed to adult roosters, and the excreta were collected for 48-h. In Exp. 2 and 3, five and two wheat screening verities-based diets with or without xylanase and phytase were fed to 16-day old battery reared chicks respectively, and total feed consumption and excreta were measured during next three days. The variable nature of wheat screening varieties led to significant differences in mean TMEn values (p<0.01). The TMEn values of samples determined with adult roosters varied by ${\pm}5.03%$ of the mean value ($3,097.65{\pm}49.32\;kcal/kg$) and ranged from 2,734.90 to 3,245.12 kcal/kg. There was a significant correlation (p<0.05) between crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) with TMEn, and the greatest correlation coefficient was observed between NDF and TMEn (r = -0.947; p<0.001). The optimal equation in terms of $R^2$ from using a single chemical analysis was obtained with NDF: TMEn = 4,152.09-27.80 NDF ($R^2$ = 0.90, p<0.0001), and the TME prediction equation was improved by the addition of the crude protein (CP) and ASH content to sequential analysis: TMEn = 3,656.97-28.65 NDF+32.54 CP+38.70 ASH ($R^2$ = 0.98, p<0.0001). The average AMEn values of 5 and 2 wheat screening varieties determined with young broiler chickens were $2,968.41{\pm}25.70\;kcal/kg$ and $2,976.38{\pm}8.34\;kcal/kg$ in Exp. 2 and Exp. 3, respectively. Addition of xylanase and phytase to wheat screenings resulted in significant (p<0.01) improvement in AMEn by 4.21 and 2.92%, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제45권5호
• /
• pp.759-766
• /
• 2003

본 연구는 탈지미강의 부존사료원료로써의 영양적 가치 평가와 사료 내에 첨가수준을 달리했을 때 육계의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 실험Ⅰ에서는 절식구 8수, 탈지미강 급여구 8수, 총 16수의 종계 수탉을 공시하여 강제급여에 의해 탈지미강의 TME, TMEn 및 TAAA를 평가하였다. 탈지미강의 TME와 TMEn은 건물 기준으로 각각 2.19 kcal/g, 2.05 kcal/g이었으며, 15개 아미노산의 평균 생체이용률은 77.29%로 나타났다. 실험Ⅱ에서는 옥수수와 대두박 위주의 대조구 사료와 탈지미강을 5%, 10% 및 15% 수준으로 첨가한 실험사료를 총 72수의 육계 (4처리, 3반복, 반복당 6수)에 3주간 급여하였다. 사료섭취량은 탈지미강 15% 첨가구에서 가장 높았지만 처리간에 통계적인 유의차는 없었다. 주당 증체량은 탈지미강을 여러 수준으로 첨가한 처리구에 비해 대조구에서 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 탈지미강 10% 및 15% 첨가구에서는 대조구에 비해 약간 높아졌으나 통계적인 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 탈지미강 5% 첨가구에서 통계적인 유의차는 나타나지 않았지만 사료요구율이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험에서는 사료 원료의 정확한 품질 평가 및 생체이용률을 근거로 사료를 배합했을 때 항영양인자가 함유되어 있지 않는 한 사료의 품질저하를 막을 수 있었고, 탈지미강 역시 가금 사료 내에 다양한 수준으로 첨가하여 부존사료원료로써 이용할 수 있다는 결과가 시사되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.667-670
• /
• 2005

The proximate analysis, amino acid content and true amino acid digestibility and TMEn for poultry of adult Field crickets Gryllus testaceus Walker, were investigated. The insect was also used as partial replacement of protein supplements in the broiler diet on an equal CP percentage and TMEn basis. The results indicated that the adult insect contained: crude protein 58.3%; fat 10.3%, chitin 8.7% and ash 2.96% on dry matter basis, respectively. The total amounts of methionine, cystine and lysine in the Field crickets were 1.93%, 1.01% and 4.79%, respectively, and their true digestibility coefficients, determined in cecectomized roosters, were 94.1%, 85% and 96%, respectively. The TMEn of this insect meal was 2,960 kcal/kg determined in cecectomized roosters. When cornsoybean meal diets were formulated on an equal CP percentage and TMEn basis, up to 15% Field cricket could replace control diet without any adverse affects on broiler weight gain, feed intake or gain:feed ratio from 8 to 20 d posthatching.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
• /
• pp.54-55
• /
• 2001

The experiments were conducted to evaluate the feeding values of red pepper seed (Exp. 1) and to investigate its dietary supplementation on layer performances (Exp. 2). The values of TME, TMEn and average TAAA determined by force-feeding 14 roosters (Hy-line) were 2.83 kcal/g, 2.94 kcal/g and 82.72%, respectively. a total of 200 layers (ISA-brown) was divided into 4 groups with 5 replicates of 10 birds per replicate, and fed the experimental diets containing different level of red pepper seed (0, 3, 5, 10%). There were no differences in performances of laying hens among treatments. Liver lipids in all groups containing red pepper seed were significantly reduced as compared to those of control (P＜0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.971-975
• /
• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the feeding values of red pepper seed oil meal (RPSOM) and to investigate its dietary supplementation on broiler performances. In Exp. 1, nutritional values of RPSOM were evaluated by analyzing chemical composition and determining true metabolizable energy (TME), nitrogen corrected TME (TMEn) and true available amino acid (TAAA). RPSOM contained 22.50% of CP, 4.75% of ether extract, 27.70% of crude fiber, 4.73% of crude ash and 49.97 ppm of xanthophylls. The contents of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were 34 mg and 31 mg/100 g DM, respectively. The values of TME and TMEn determined by force-feeding 16 roosters were 1.73 kcal/g and 1.63 kcal/g DM, respectively. The average TAAA value of 17 amino acids was 85.22%. In Exp. 2, a total of 225 Ross male broiler chicks, 3 weeks old, were randomly divided into 9 groups of 25 birds each and assigned to three experimental diets containing 0 (control), 5 or 10% RPSOM fed ad libitum for 3 weeks. No significant differences were observed in growth performances and carcass characteristics. The level of serum cholesterol in the 10% RPSOM group was significantly lower than that of the control group (113.92 vs. 137.50 mg/dl). The dietary RPSOM at 5 and 10% levels increased the content of C18:2 ${\omega}{\sigma}$ in leg muscle compared with the control group. The results suggested that RPSOM can be included into broiler feed up to 10% without any negative effects on broiler performances and physiological responses and used as a non-conventional plant protein source, if its nutritional values are well evaluated.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.255-263
• /
• 2004

본 연구는 호마박의 사료적 가치를 평가하고 산란계의 성적에 미치는 호마박의 첨가 효과를 구명하기 위해 수행하였다. 실험 1에서는 16수의 ISA-Brown 종계 수탉을 공시하여 강제 급여 방법에 의해 호마박의 진정 대사에너지(TME),질소 보정 진정 대사 에너지 (TMEn)및 진정 아미노산 이용률(TAAA)을 조사하였다. 호마박의 TME 및 TMEn은 각각 2.30 kca1/g및 1.99 kcal/g이었고, 15개 아미노산의 평균 이용률은 $76.93\%$로 나타났다. 실험 2에서는 48주령의 ISA-Brown산란계 90수를 3개 처리(대조구, 호마박 $5\%$, 호마박 $10\%$)로 나누어 4주간의 사양 실험을 실시하였다. 실험사료 내 호마박 첨가가 난 생산성 및 계란 품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 산란계 사료 내에 호마박을 $5\%$및 $10\%$첨가했을 때 난 생산성 및 생산된 계란의 품질에는 큰 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 호마박 $10\%$ 첨가구에서 난황 내 Cl8:3 $\omega$3의 비율이 가장 높았으나, 통계적인 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 혈청 내GOT, G-GT, BUN및 cholesterol 조성에 있어서도 처리간에 큰 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 호마박을 정확한 원료 평가를 거쳐 사용한다면 산란계 사료에 있어서 $10\%$까지 사용하여도 난 생산성 및 계란 품질을 저하시키지 않았으며, 공시계에게 어떠한 부정적인 영향도 미치는 않았다는 결과가 시사되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권7호
• /
• pp.1053-1058
• /
• 2008

A total of 392 twenty eight week-old laying hens was used to study the effects of dietary inclusion of solvent-extracted palm kernel cake (PKC) (0%, 12.5% and 25%) and enzyme (mixture of mannanase, ${\alpha}$-galactosidase and protease) supplementation (0 kg/t, 1 kg/t and 2 kg/t) on the performance of laying hens. The levels of PKC did not significantly influence nitrogen corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) of the diets. Enzyme-supplemented PKC had significantly higher AME and TMEn values than PKC diets with no enzyme supplementation. Dietary inclusion of 12.5% and 25% PKC in the diets of laying hens did not adversely affect mean egg production or daily egg mass. However, layers consumed significantly more PKC-based diets and had significantly poorer feed conversion ratios (FCR) than controls. However, the feed intake and FCR of hens provided the 12.5% PKC-based diets with enzyme supplementation at 1 kg/t did not differ from the controls. Dietary inclusion of PKC or enzyme did not affect eggshell quality, but egg yolk colour was significantly paler when layers were fed the 25% PKC diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.514-517
• /
• 2004

Expeller pressed and solvent extracted palm kernel cake (PKC) were force-fed to male and female Muscovy ducks at 7 weeks of age. The nutrient digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), true metabolizable energy (TME) and true available amino acid (TAAA) digestibilities were determined. There was no significant (p>0.05) effect of the type of PKC used on crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), metabolizable energy (ME) and amino acid (AA) digestibilities. However, digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was found to be higher in solvent extracted compared to expeller pressed PKC. The average digestibility of DM, CP, NDF and EE were 43, 58, 39 and 89%, espectively. It was found that the ducks utilized about 47% of the gross energy of PKC. The respective average AMEn and TMEn values of PKC for Muscovy ducks was 1,743 and 1,874 kcal/kg. The overall TAAA of PKC for Muscovy ducks was 65%. The data on the TMEn and digestible AA for PKC obtained from this study provide new information with regard to diet formulation for Muscovy ducks.