• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.96-115
• /
• 2007

Background and Purpose: Electroencephalogram(EEG) is a multi-scaled signal consisting of several components of time series with different origins. Recently, because of the absence of an identified metric which quantifies the complex amount of information, there are many limitations in using such a linear method. According to chaos theory, irregular signals of EEG can also result from low dimensional deterministic chaos. Chaotic nonlinear dynamics in the EEG can be studied by calculating the correlation dimension. The aim of this study is to analyze correlation between the correlation dimension of EEG and psychological Test (TCI). Methods: Before and after moxibustion treatment, EEG raw data were measured by moving windows during 15 minutes. The correlation dimension(D2) was calculated from stabilized 40 seconds in 15 minutes data. 8 channels EEG study on the Fp, F, T, P was carried out in 30 subjects. Results: Correlation analysis of TCI test is calculated with deterministic non-linear data and stochastic non-linear data. 1. Novelty seeking in temperament is positive correlated with D2 of EEG on Fp. 2. reward dependence in temperament is positive correlated with D2 of EEG on T3,T4 and negative correlated with D2 of EEG on P3,P4. 3. self directedness in character is positive correlated with D2 of EEG on F4, P3. 4. Harm avoidance is negative correlated with D2 of EEG on Fp2, T3, P3. Conclusion: These results suggest that nonlinear analysis of EEG can quantify dynamic state of brain abolut psychological Test (TCI).

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.117-128
• /
• 2022

Background: Moderate sedation is an integral part of dental care delivery. Target-controlled infusion (TCI) has the potential to improve patient safety and outcome. We compared the effects of using TCI to administer remifentanil/manual bolus midazolam with manual bolus fentanyl/midazolam administration on patient safety parameters, drug administration times, and patient recovery times. Methods: In this retrospective chart review, records of patients who underwent moderate intravenous sedation over 12 months in a private dental clinic were assessed. Patient indicators (pre-, intra-, and post-procedure noninvasive systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate) were compared using independent t-test analysis. Patient recovery time, procedure length, and midazolam dosage required were also compared between the two groups. Results: Eighty-five patient charts were included in the final analysis: 47 received TCI-remifentanil/midazolam sedation, and 38 received manual fentanyl/midazolam sedation. Among the physiological parameters, diastolic blood pressure showed slightly higher changes in the fentanyl group (P = 0.049), respiratory rate changes showed higher changes in the fentanyl group (P = 0.032), and the average EtCO₂ was slightly higher in the remifentanil group (P = 0.041). There was no significant difference in the minimum SpO₂ levels and average procedure length between the fentanyl and remifentanil TCI pump groups (P > 0.05). However, a significant difference was observed in the time required for discharge from the chair (P = 0.048), indicating that patients who received remifentanil required less time for discharge from the chair than those who received fentanyl. The dosage of midazolam used in the fentanyl group was 0.487 mg more than that in the remifentanil group; however, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of TCI administered remifentanil combined with manual administered midazolam has the potential to shorten the recovery time and reduce respiration rate changes when compared to manual administration of fentanyl/midazolam. This is possibly due to either the lower midazolam dosage required with TCI remifentanil administration or achieving a stable, steady-state low dose remifentanil concentration for the duration of the procedure.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.46 no.6
• /
• pp.547-553
• /
• 2022

This study analyzed the changes in the operational productivity of fourteen Korean container lines from 2019 to 2021 using MP I(Malmquist Productivity Index). The results indicated that the operational productivity of the shipping companies has increased by 38.4% annually, representing the TCI (Technical Change Index) increasing by 58.3% and the TECI (Technical Efficiency Change Index) decreasing by 12.6%. The increase in the operational productivity of the container shipping lines was mainly attributed to the high rise in ocean freight rates rather than an increase in fleet size or ship technical efficiency. However, the deep-sea shipping lines (i.e. HMM and SM lines) experienced increases in both the TCI and TECI, which was not the case for other shipping lines(i.e. Intra-Asian short-sea shipping lines). The intra-Asian short-sea shipping lines enhance their productivity due to the TCI but failed to appreciate the cost savings of the increased fleet effects due to the low SECI(Scale Efficiency Change Index) values.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.136-144
• /
• 2010

Objectives : The $2^{nd}$ to $4^{th}$ digit length(2D : 4D) ratio reflects the amount of exposure and sensitivity to the prenatal sex hormone and it is considered to be the most convenient and useful way to understand the influence of sex hormone in the determination of human behavioral traits. This study was carried out to find the correlation between the 2D : 4D ratio and characteristics of temperament and character in Korean university students. We assumed that 2D : 4D ratio would show a strong correlation with temperament which is defined to be an inclination of an automatical emotional response to a stimulus. Methods : Participants were 104 university students who completed 2 self-report measures : Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), Temperament Test. We examined the 2D : 4D ratio of each subject by measuring the lengths of the $2^{nd}$ and $4^{th}$ fingers using a photocopy measurement. We performed statistical analyses using correlation test and t-test to examine the relationship between 2D : 4D ratio and psychological characteristics. Results : We found out the typical sex difference in 2D : 4D ratio. Women had significantly higher 2D : 4D ratio than men. TCI-Character factor(TCI-C) didn't show any significant correlation with the 2D : 4D ratio. TCI-Tempterament factor(TCI-T) and the item of Temperament Test showed a significant correlation with the 2D : 4D ratio. In correlation analysis of the total group including all women and men, the 2D : 4D ratio showed a significant positive correlation in a subscale(shyness with stranger) of harm avoidance scales in TCI-T. In correlation analysis of women's group, the 2D : 4D ratio showed a significant positive correlation in two subscales( fear of uncertainty) and[shyness to stranger] of harm avoidance scales in TCI-T. In correlation analysis of men's group, the 2D : 4D ratio showed a significant negative correlation with a sanguine temperament item of the Temperament Test. Conclusion : The results suggest that the amount of exposure to sex hormone in the prenatal period seems to have an impact on the determination of temperament and characteristics.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.179-188
• /
• 2009

Aim of this study is to examine correlation between size of the coronal pulp cavity and chronological age in adult. Total 716 teeth (218 mandibular canines, 230 first premolars, 268 second premolars) free from pathologies and dental restorations were selected from 276 patients (111 males, 165 females), ranging from 20-69 years. Using periapical X-ray, the height (mm) of the crown (CH=coronal height) and the height (mm) of the coronal pulp cavity (CPCH=coronal pulp cavity height) of the teeth were measured. The tooth-coronal index (TCI) after Ikeda et al (Jpn. J. For. Med. 1985;39:244-250) was computed for each tooth and regressed on real age. With increasing age, the TCI was relatively decreased, indicating the reduction of length of the pulp chamber. Even reduction of the TCI with aging was found in combined group rather than in each sex and type of tooth separately. The most definite reduction was in canine of combined group. The correlation coefficient was strongest when measurement from canines of females (r2=0.247).

• Physical Therapy Korea
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high heeled shoes with the total contact insert (TCI) on the frontal plane of the joints for the lower extremity during the gait. Ten healthy females voluntarily participated in this study and the height of the high heeled shoes was 7 cm. A three-dimensional motion analysis system (VICON) and force plates were used to analyze the movements of the joints for the lower extremities. The results were as follows: There were no significant differences for the angle value on the event of the gait cycle in the maximum eversion and inversion of the ankle joint, the varus and valgus of the knee joint, and the adduction and abduction of the hip joint (p>.05). But, there was a significant difference or the range of motion in the ankle joint (p<.05). The value of ankle and knee moment with a TCI was less than the value for no TCI. And there were significant differences for the moment value of the maximum inversion and eversion on the ankle joint and for the maximum varus and valgus on the knee joint (p<.05). Therefore, a TCI would be effective in stabilizing the joints of the lower extremities and increasing the balance of a body to reduce the injure from a fall during the gait.

• Anxiety and mood
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.111-120
• /
• 2008

Objective : This study investigated the temperament and character traits associated with suicide attempts in patients with mood disorders. Methods : The temperament and character inventory (TCI) was administered to 150 patients who visited psychiatric clinics seeking treatment for mood symptoms. The patients were divided into three groups as follows : non-suicide ideation, suicide ideation and suicide attempt. We also gathered socio-economic data in order to rule out confounding variables. MANOVA was performed to analyze differences in personal temperament and character scores on the TCI between the three groups. Results : The self-directedness and cooperativeness subscales of the TCI are most influenced by the clinical symptoms rated by Beck Suicide Ideation Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. In the temperament scale, the suicide attempt group scored higher on the novelty seeking and harm avoidance items than the other two groups. The specific temperaments associated with suicidal behavior in patients with depression are impulsivity (NS2) and anticipatory anxiety or pessimism (HA1). Conclusion : In this study, we found that more risky patients who had previously attempted suicide had a temperament of impulsivity or pessimism. This finding suggests that a more cautious approach is needed to assess mood disorder patients with impulsive or pessimistic temperaments in order to prevent suicide attempts.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.261-270
• /
• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of our study is to know Temperament & Character of each Eight Constitutions (Hepatonia, Cholecystonia, Pancreotonia, Gastrotonia, Pulmotonia, Colonotonia, Renotonia, Vesicotonia) classified by the short form Eight-constitution medicine questionnaire (ECM-32) test. Methods: We analyzed the result of ECM-32 test and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) submitted by 32 patients who had visited the ${\triangle}{\triangle}$ oriental medicine clinic in Nowon-gu, Seoul between September and October at 2011. Results: -The participants were classified as one of Eight Constitutions (3 Hepatonia(9.4%), 7 Cholecystonia, (21.9%), 3 Pancreotonia(9.4%), 0 Gastrotonia(0%), 5 Pulmotonia(15.6%), 4 Colonotonia(12.5%), 6 Renotonia(18.8%), 4 Vesicotonia(12.5%)) by ECM-32. -The seven dimensions of TCI were compared between the different Eight Constitutions using Kruskal-Wallis test. There were significant differences between Hepatonia and Pulmotonia, Hepatonia and Colonotonia, Cholecystonia and Pulmotonia, Pulmotonia and Renotonia, Pulmotonia and Vesicotonia in the Reward Dependence of Temperament dimensions. -The Subsclaes of TCI were compared between the different Eight Constitutions using Kruskal-Wallis test. There were significant differences between Cholecystonia and Pulmotonia, Pulmotonia and Renotonia, Pulmotonia and Vesicotonia in the RD3. There were significant differences between Hepatonia and Cholecystonia, Hepatonia and Pancreotonia, Hepatonia and Pulmotonia, Hepatonia and Renotonia in the RD4. Conclusions: There is not a significant interrelationship between Feature of each Eight Constitutions and Temperament & Character in TCI. This study is meaningful because it is the first study to verify Temperament and Character of Eight Constitutions. Further studies with increased case and improved questionnaire are needed to supplement this research.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.131-142
• /
• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the personality traits and cognitive characteristics of the Sasang constitution by comparing the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and Stroop Test. Methods: One hundred and six healthy subjects (age 20 to 40) were analyzed; 45 Taeeumin, 30 Soyangin and 31 Soeumin. The Sasang constitution was diagnosed by a sasang constitutional medicine specialist based on the results of a Two Step Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Diagnosis (TS-QSCD), the external appearance, temperament and symptoms. The results of the EPQ, TCI, CPT and Stroop Test were compared between Sasang constitutions. Results: Among the seven dimensions of EPQ, Taeeumin and Soyangin scored significantly higher than Soeumin in Extraversion. Soyangin scored significantly higher than Soeumin in Impulsiveness. Among the four temperament dimensions of TCI, Taeeumin and Soyangin scored significantly higher than Soeumin in novelty seeking, reward dependence and persistence. Soeumin scored significantly higher than Taeeumin and Soyangin in harm avoidance. Among the three character dimensions of TCI, Soyangin scored significantly higher than Taeeumin in self transcendence. The results for CPT showed no significant differences between sasang constitutions. Taeeumin had a significantly higher color score in the stroop test than Soeumin. Conclusions: The personality tests showed significant differences between Sasang constitutions, but the neuropsychological test did not show any differences. Further studies should be performed to identify neuropsychological differences between Sasang constitutions.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.166-172
• /
• 2017

Purpose: Thoracic traumas represent 10-15% of all traumas and are responsible for 25% of all trauma mortalities. Traumatic cardiac injury (TCI) is one of the major causes of death in trauma patients, rarely present in living patients who are transferred to the hospital. TCI is a challenge for trauma surgeons as it provides a short therapeutic window and the management is often dictated by the underlying mechanism and hemodynamic status. This study is to describe our experiences about emergency cardiac surgery in TCI. Methods: This is a retrospective clinical analysis of patients who had undergone emergency cardiac surgery in our trauma center from January 2014 to December 2016. Demographics, physiologic data, mechanism of injuries, the timing of surgical interventions, surgical approaches and outcomes were reviewed. Results: The number of trauma patients who arrived at our hospital during the study period was 9,501. Among them, 884 had chest injuries, 434 patients were evaluated to have over 3 abbreviated injury scale (AIS) about the chest. Cardiac surgeries were performed in 18 patients, and 13 (72.2%) of them were male. The median age was 47.0 years (quartiles 35.0, 55.3). Eleven patients (61.1%) had penetrating traumas. Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitations (CPR) were performed in 4 patients (22.2%). All of them had undergone emergency department thoracotomy (EDT), and they were transferred to the operating room for definitive repair of the cardiac injury, but all of them expired in the intensive care unit. Most commonly performed surgical incision was median sternotomy (n=13, 72.2%). The majority site of injury was right ventricle (n=11, 61.1%). The mortality rate was 22.2% (n=4). Conclusions: This study suggests that penetrating cardiac injuries are more often than blunt cardiac injury in TCI, and the majority site of injury is right ventricle. Also, it suggests prehospital CPR and EDT are significantly responsible for high mortality in TCI.