• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.477-484
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• 2019

Several types of scavenger receptors, including the Collectin-Placenta 1 (CL-P1) receptorthat is present in mammals, are molecules that are expressed on the surfaces of endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells. These molecules are cell surface glycoproteins that can be conjugated to oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Among these molecules, the effect of quercetin on CL-P1 activation has been confirmed. Quercetin is known as an antioxidant that stops oxidation because it acts to remove free radicals that are responsible for the oxidation reaction. In this study, fragments from the transcription start site of the mouse CL-P1 gene promoter to the -500th base were cloned using DNA polymerase. These fragments were then introduced into macrophage like RAW264.7 cells and fibroblast-like NIH3T3 cells to study the effect of quercetin on the CL-P1 gene expression. As a result, we found that bases ranging from -250 to -350 in the anterior part where gene expression starts are important for producing CL-P1 protein. Among them, the DNA mutation experiments we performed confirmed that the E2F binding sites are critical for producing the CL-P1 protein? In addition, when quercetin was added to the RAW264.7 culture medium, which was a culture of adherent cells, observedthe phenomenon of the cells falling off from the surface of the culture container.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.729-736
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of glucuronic acid (isolated from xylan) on antioxidative defense system in rat after aerobic exercise. The glucuronic acid was isolated from xylan. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 150$\pm$10 g were randomly assigned to one normal group and three exercise training groups. Exercise training groups were classified to T (glucuronic acid free diet), TU (250 mg glucuronic acid/kg bw) and 2TU (500 mg glucuronic acid/kg bw) according to the level of glucuronic acid supplementation before exercise training. The experimental rats in exercise training groups (T, TU and 2TU) were exercised on glucuronic acid supplementation or rats in normal group (N) were confined in cage for 4 weeks. And rats were sacrificed with an overdose of pentobarbital injection just after running. Body weight, food intakes and food efficiency ratio (FER) were lower in the exercise training group than in the normal group. White gastrocnemius xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity in the T group was 85% greater than that of the normal group, whereas in the TU and 2TU groups it did not differ from the normal group. White gastrocnemius superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in T group, that was decreased by 22% compared with that of N group, but those of TU and 2TU groups were increased by 38% and 42%, respectively, compared with that of T group. White gastrocnemius glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx) activity in T group, that was decreased by 42% compared with that of N group, but those of TU and 2TU groups were increased by 67% and 68%, respectively, compared with that of T group. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity of white gastrocnemius in N group was not significantly different from that in the T and TU groups, but 2TU group were increased by 12%. Contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in T group was increased by 54%, compared with that of normal group but those of TU group and 2TU group were lower 44% and 36% than that of T group. In conclusion, the effects of glucuronic acids in exercise training rats would appear to reduce peroxidation of tissue as an antioxidative defense mechanism.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.123-147
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• 2008

Objectives This study is to investigate how dose Ikhwang-San can be effective on SD rats which deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate. Methods The test sample were dosed once a day for 14 days by gastric gavage at the beginning of dosage 1000, 500 and 250㎎/㎏/10㎖ from 2 days after last MTX-dosing, and the changes of the body and spleen weight, total number of blood leukocytes, total number of lymphocytes, the percentage of B-cell, T-cell, CD3+CD4+ T-cell, CD3+CD8+ T-cell and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios in the blood and spleen were observed. Results The changes of the body and spleen weight, the total number of blood leukocytes, the total number of lymphocyte in the blood and spleen were significantly increased in IHS Extracts groups comparing with the control group. The percentage of B-cell, T-cell, CD3+CD4+ T-cell in the blood and spleen were significantly increase in IHS groups and comparing with the control group. The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-cell in blood and spleen was significantly increased in IHS Extracts groups comparing with the control group. Conclusions According to those results, Ikhwang-San has good immunostimulating effect on SD rats which had deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.346-354
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• 2021

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and chewing gum for orthodontic pain relief and to assess if chewing gum can be a non-pharmacological alternative for orthodontic pain relief. Methods: The study enrolled 106 patients of both sexes, aged ≥ 12 years, with body weight > 50 kg, and mild-to-moderate dental crowding in the upper arch. After randomization and allocation concealment, the intervention groups were either administered with ibuprofen (400 mg) or acetaminophen (500 mg) or chewed sugar-free chewing gum immediately after initial archwire placement and every 6 hours for 1 week if the pain persisted. The control group did not receive any pain relief. The pain was assessed on a 100-mm visual analog scale at rest and while biting down at T1 (2 hours), T2 (24 hours), T3 (2 days), T4 (3 days), T5 (7 days), and T6 (21 days). Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Mann-Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Results: The chewing gum group experienced more pain relief than the ibuprofen group at while biting down at T3 (p = 0.04) and at rest at T4 (p < 0.001). The chewing gum group reported more pain relief than the acetaminophen and control groups while biting down at T3 (p = 0.03 and p = 0.0006, respectively) and T4 (both p < 0.001). Conclusions: Chewing gum can be a non-pharmacological alternative for orthodontic pain relief at 2 and 3 days after initial archwire placement.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2021

Improved amylases were developed from protoplast fusants of two amylase-producing Aspergillus species. Twenty regenerated fusants were screened for amylase production using Remazol Brilliant Blue agar. Crude enzyme extracts produced by solid state fermentation of rice bran were assayed for activity. Three variable factors (temperature, pH and enzyme type) were optimized to increase the amylase activity of the parents and selected fusants using rice bran medium and solid state fermentation. Analysis of this optimization was completed using the Central Composite Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Amylase activity assays conducted at room temperature and 80℃ demonstrated that Aspergillus designates, T5 (920.21 U/ml, 966.67 U/ml), T13 (430 U/ml, 1011.11 U/ml) and T14 (500.63 U/ml, 1012.00 U/ml) all exhibited improved function making them the preferred fusants. Amylases produced from these fusants were observed to be active over the entire pH range evaluated in this study. Fusants T5 and T14 demonstrated optimal activity under acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively. Fusants T13 and T14 produced the most amylase at 72 h while parents TA, TC and fusant T5 produced the most amylase after 96 h of incubation. Response surface methodology examinations revealed that the enzyme from fusant T5 was the optimal enzyme demonstrating the highest activity (1055.17 U/ml) at pH 4 and a temperature of 40℃. This enzyme lost activity with further increases in temperature. Starch hydrolysis using fusant T5 gave the highest yield of glucose (1.6158 g/100 ml). The significant activities of the selected fusants at 28 ± 2℃ and 80℃ and the higher sugar yields from cassava starch hydrolysis over their parental strains indicate that it is possible to improve amylase activity using the protoplast fusion technique.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.197-204
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• 2019

In this study, smart farm technology was used by farmers cultivating 'CHIKUMASSHU T-011' in order to develop an optimal growth model for the precision cultivation of bottle-grown winter mushroom and the results of the same are mentioned herein. Farmers participating in the experiment used 60 ㎡ of bed area with 4 rows and 13 columns of shelf shape, 20 horsepower refrigerator, 100T of sandwich panel for insulation, 6 ultrasonic humidifiers, 12 kW of heating, and 20,000 bottles of Flammulina velutipes mushroom spores. The temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentrations, which directly affect the growth of the mushroom, were collected and analyzed from the environmental sensors installed at the winter mushroom cultivation area. The initial temperature was found to be 14.5℃, which was maintained at 14℃ to 15℃ until the 10th day. In the restriction phase, the initial temperature was 4℃ and was maintained between 2℃ and 3℃ until the 15th day, while during the growth phase, it was maintained between 7.5℃ to 9.5℃. Analysis of the humidity data revealed initial humidity to be 100%, which varied between 88% to 98% during primordia formation period. The humidity remained between 77% to 96% until the 15th day, in the restriction phase and between 75% to 83% during the growth phase. The initial carbon dioxide concentration was 3,500 ppm and varied between 3,500 ppm to 6,000 ppm during primordia formation period and was maintained at 6,000 ppm until the 15th day. During the growth phase, the carbon dioxide concentration was found to be over 6,000 ppm. Fruiting body characteristics of 'CHIKUMASSHU T-011' cultivated in the farmhouse were as follows: Pileus diameter of 7.5 mm and thickness of 4.1 mm, stipe thickness of 3.3 mm, and length of 154.2 mm. The number of valid fruiting bodies was 1,048 unit per 1,400 mL bottle, and the individual weight was 0.71 g per unit. The yield of fruiting bodies was 402.8 g per 1,400 mL bottle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1391-1399
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• 2009

Two hundred and sixteen 68-week-old Hy-Line brown laying hens were used in a 6-week feeding trial to compare the efficacy of phytases Optiphos (OPT) and Natuphos (NAT), which were isolated from Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger, respectively. Hens were randomly allotted into six treatments with six replications (six layers in three adjacent cages) per treatment according to their initial BW. The hens were then subjected to one of the following dietary treatments: i) Positive Control (PC; available phosphorus (AP) 0.4%); ii) Negative control (NC; AP 0.2%); iii) NAT1 (NC+250 FTU/kg NAT); iv) NAT2 (NC+500 FTU/kg NAT); v) OPT1 (NC+250 FTU/kg OPT); vi) OPT2 (NC+500 FTU/kg OPT). Feed intake, egg production, egg quality, apparent nutrient digestibility and serum P and Ca concentration were evaluated to compare the effect of the two phytases. Feed intake and eggshell thickness were not affected by the treatments. Superior effects (p<0.05) of OPT were only observed in egg production and egg weight compared with NAT. Characteristics such as eggshell breaking strength, apparent digestibility of N, Ca and P and serum P concentration were equally increased with the supplementation of both phytases (p<0.05), where no significant difference was observed in those characteristics between PC and phytase supplementation at 500 FTU/kg. Equally effective improvements (p<0.05) were also observed in egg production and DM digestibility, where no improvements were observed (p<0.05) between the PC group and the groups with phytase supplementation at 500 FTU/kg. Equal increases in the serum Ca level were observed when the groups with phytase supplementation were compared to the PC group. Overall, the results of this study suggest that NAT and OPT are equally effective at liberating phytate-bound complexes when included in 0.2% available phosphorus diets for 68-week laying hens; either source of phytase can be fed to commercial 68-week laying hens at 500 FTU/kg to correct the negative effects associated with a 0.2% available phosphorus diet. In conclusion, either source of phytase can be fed to commercial first cycle laying hens at 500 FTU/kg to effectively replace inorganic phosphorus when economically justified.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• v.y2005m4
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• pp.31-34
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• 2005

Hygrothermal aging of the laminates of $Avimid^{R}$ K3B/IM7 in $80^{\circ}C$ water was studied as a function of immersion time prior to forming microcracks. The factors causing the $80^{\circ}C$ water to degradation of the laminates could be the degradation of the matrix toughness, change in residual stresses or interfacial damage between the fiber and matrix. The times to saturation in $80^{\circ}C$ water for the laminates and the neat resin are 100 hours and 500 hours. After 500 hours aging of the neat resin in $80^{\circ}C$ water, the glass transition temperature was changed less than $1\%$ by DSC test and the weight gain was $1.55\%$ increase. After 500 hours aging, the fracture toughness of the neat resin was decreased about $37\%$ by 3-point bending test. After 100 hours aging of the [+45/0/-45/90]s K3B/IM7 laminates in $80^{\circ}C$ water, the weight gain was $0.41\%$ increase. The $80^{\circ}C$ water diffusion rate into the neat resin was faster than into the laminates. In 100 hours, the loss of the microcracking toughness of the laminates was $28\%$ of the original toughness by our own microcracking fracture toughness criterion.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.1 s.88
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• pp.32-38
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• 1999

A Saprolegnia sp. was isolated from cultured snakehead, Channa argus, and its physiological characteristics were investigated. The optimum temperature, pH and NaCl concentration for mycelial growth of Saprolegnia sp. were $25^{\circ}C$, 6.0 and 0%, respectively. The mycelial growth was increased with the addition of 10 mM phosphate and 10mg/L casamino acid. The essential oils extracted from three plants, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Thuja orientalis and Chamaecyparis obtusa have been tested to know whether they inhibit the growth of Saprolegnia sp. at six different oil concentrations(10, 100, 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 ppm). Essential oil from A. princeps var. orientalis began to inhibite the mycelial growth of Saprolegnia sp. at the concentration more than 10ppm. Using other essential oils from T. orientalis and C. obtusa, those initially inhibited the mycelial growth of Saprolegnia sp. at the concentration over 10 ppm and complate inhibition of mycelial growth was observed at over 500 ppm. The histopathological features of Snakehead infected by Saprolegnia sp. were studied. A club shape of gill lamella epithelial cells was observed in the gill. The mycelial cells were penetrated into muscular tissue, and the accumulation of the ceroid was observed in the liver, spleen and kideny tissue in common. The necrosis of tubular epithelial cells was seen in the liver tissue, parenchymal tissue in the spleen and tubular epithelial cells in the kidney.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.257-264
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• 2004

For safe preservation of Korean Native Pigs (KNP) as an animal genetic resources and a means to maintain the genetic diversity, we performed to investigate the optimal hormone levels for superovulated gilts and establish the cryopresevation methods of embryos. The reults were as follows; 1. The number of ovulated corpus luteums (CL) and follicles were 12.4, 13.6, 30.0 or 23.3 in hCG 500IU and PMSG 500, 750, 1,000IU or hCG 750IU and PMSG 1,000IU respectively. In the case of PMSG 1,000IU와 hCG 500IU, there showed highest number but were no significance among others. The recovery rate of embryos by the ovulated CL were 59.4-79.2％. 2. The morula stage embryos recovered on Day 4 after insemination were significantly higher than Day 5 (P<0.01), but blastocyst stage embryos recovered on Day 5 were sinificantly higher than Day 4 (P<0.05). 3. The survival rate of expanded blastocyst were 23.5％ in conventional freezing with 1.4 M glycerol.