• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2007

A biological anoxic-aerobic reactor filled with porous media was operated in lab scale for the advanced wastewater treatment. The experiments were conducted for 6 months with three HRTs (4, 6, 8hr) and temperature of $23{\sim}25^{\circ}C$. Some other experimental conditions were as follows; nitrification reactor (MLSS 4,500mg/L, DO 3.3mg/L, $23{\sim}28^{\circ}C$), denitrification reactor(MLSS 8,000mg/L, ORP -100mV, Temp.$19{\sim}23^{\circ}C$). Average removal efficiencies of SS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Cr}$, T-N, and T-P were 97.8%, 95.5%, 94.5%, 80.2%, and 60.6%, respectively. The reactor filled with porosity media showed stable removal capacity for organics and nutrients. Fast and complete nitrification and denitrification were accomplished. Maintaining high MLSS with porous media in the nitrification and denitrification reactor appears to enhance the nitrogen removal process. For the higher T-P removal, some coagulant addition process will be needed.

• 대한간호
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• 제23권4호통권127호
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• pp.49-51
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• 1984

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 1999

목적: T1-201 경직장 문맥신티그라피에서 심장/간 섭취비(단락지수)는 만성 간질환 환자에서 문맥-체단락을 평가하는 데 유용한 지표로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 만성 활동성 간염과 간경변 환자에서 T1-201 섭취 양상과 초기 간/심장 섭취속도의 유용성을 평가하고, 단락지수와의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 간생검으로 만성 간질환(만성 활동성 간염 35명, 간경화 23명)을 진단받은 58명의 환자에서 T1-201 18.5 MBq를 상부직장에 주입 후 T1-201 경직장 문맥신티그라피를 시행하였다. 간섭취 양상(1형: 균일 분포, 2형: 분절단위 불균일 분포, 3형: 비분절단위 불균일 분포)과 비장, 심장, 신장의 간외 분포양상(grade 0: 방사능 섭취 없음, grade 1: 간보다 적은 방사능 정도, grade 2: 간과 비슷한 방사능 정도, grade 3: 간보다 많은 방사능 정도), 초기 간/심장 섭취속도(처음 10분간의 간/심장 섭취비의 기울기)와 단락지수(심장/간 계수비)를 구하였다. T1-201 섭취 양상과 초기 간/심장 섭취비를 병리진단, 단락지수와 비교하였다. 결과: 간 섭취 양상은 만성 활동성 간염에서 1형과 2형의 간내 방사능 분포 양상이 많았고(만성 활동성 간염: 27/35, 간경변: 8/23), 간경변은 3형이 유의하게 많았다(만성활동성 간염. 8/35, 간경변: 15/23)(p<0.005). 간외분포양상의 grade는 간경변에서 유의하게 높았다(비장: p<0.001, 기타 연 조직 p<0.005). 초기 간/심장섭취속도는 만성 활동성 간염($0.110{\pm}$0.111)이 간경변($0.014{\pm}0.090$)보다 유의하게 높았으며(p<0.001), 간경변의 판정지표로서 0.05를 기준으로 하였을 때 예민도와 특이도는 각각 77.2%, 67.7%였다. 초기간/심장 섭취속도와 단락지수는 음의 상관관계를 보였다(r=-0.3347, p<0.01). 결론: T1-201 경직장 문맥 신티그라피에서 간 및 간외 방사능 분포와 초기 간/심장 섭취속도는 만성 간질환 환자에서 문맥-체단락을 평가하는 데 유용한 지표로 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.205-230
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• 2015

A class of periodic type boundary value problems of coupled impulsive fractional differential equations are proposed. Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of solutions of these problems. We allow the nonlinearities p(t)f(t, x, y) and q(t)g(t, x, y) in fractional differential equations to be singular at t = 0, 1 and be involved a sup-multiplicative-like function. So both f and g may be super-linear and sub-linear. The analysis relies on a well known fixed point theorem. An example is given to illustrate the efficiency of the theorems.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2014

Broaching is widely used for the machining of inner shaped slots in work-pieces. The broach tool is moved vertically (usually by hydraulic power) through the work-piece. Broaching occurs with the work-pieced fix while the broach tool traverses through material and shears it. To produce a T/F driven gear both an outside cutting and an inside cutting are needed. The outside cut determines the tooth profile and the inside cut determines the inner dimension. Broaching can cause problems with concentricity. In the current study, the characteristics of shearing along the cutting blade and the broaching of a T/F driven gear are considered.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.40-45
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• 2019

The phase transition temperatures and thermodynamic properties of $(NH_4)_2MnCl_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ grown by the slow evaporation method were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. A structural phase transition occurred at temperature $T_{C1}$ (=264 K), whereas the changes at $T_{C2}$ (=460 K) and $T_{C3}$ (=475 K) seemed to be chemical changes caused by thermal decomposition. In addition, the chemical shift and the spin-lattice relaxation time $T_{1{\rho}}$ were investigated using $^1H$ magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), in order to understand the role of $NH_4{^+}$ and $H_2O$. The rise in $T_{1{\rho}}$ with temperature was related to variations in the symmetry of the surrounding $H_2O$ and $NH_4{^+}$.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.110-116
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• 2023

Data confidentiality refers to the characteristic that information kept undisclosed or hidden from unauthorized parties. It considered a key security requirement in current supply chain management (SCM) systems. Currently, academia and industry tend to adopt blockchain and IoT technologies in order to develop efficient and secure SCM systems. However, providing confidential data sharing among these technologies is quite challenging due to the limitations associated with blockchain and IoT devices. This review paper illustrates the importance of preserving data confidentiality in SCM systems by highlighting the state of the art on confidentiality-preserving methodologies in the context of blockchain based IoT-SCM systems and the challenges associated with it.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.32.1-32.15
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• 2023

Most influenza vaccines currently in use target the highly variable hemagglutinin protein to induce neutralizing antibodies and therefore require yearly reformulation. T cell-based universal influenza vaccines focus on eliciting broadly cross-reactive T-cell responses, especially the tissue-resident memory T cell (T_RM) population in the respiratory tract, providing superior protection to circulating memory T cells. This study demonstrated that intramuscular (i.m.) administration of the adenovirus-based vaccine expressing influenza virus nucleoprotein (rAd/NP) elicited weak CD8 T_RM responses in the lungs and airways, and yielded poor protection against lethal influenza virus challenge. However, a novel "prime-and-deploy" strategy that combines i.m. vaccination of rAd/NP with subsequent intranasal administration of an empty adenovector induced strong NP-specific CD8⁺ T_RM cells and provided complete protection against influenza virus challenge. Overall, our results demonstrate that this "prime-and-deploy" vaccination strategy is potentially applicable to the development of universal influenza vaccines.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.12.1-12.17
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• 2023

Ssu72, a dual-specificity protein phosphatase, not only participates in transcription biogenesis, but also affects pathophysiological functions in a tissue-specific manner. Recently, it has been shown that Ssu72 is required for T cell differentiation and function by controlling multiple immune receptor-mediated signals, including TCR and several cytokine receptor signaling pathways. Ssu72 deficiency in T cells is associated with impaired fine-tuning of receptor-mediated signaling and a defect in CD4⁺ T cell homeostasis, resulting in immune-mediated diseases. However, the mechanism by which Ssu72 in T cells integrates the pathophysiology of multiple immune-mediated diseases is still poorly elucidated. In this review, we will focus on the immunoregulatory mechanism of Ssu72 phosphatase in CD4⁺ T cell differentiation, activation, and phenotypic function. We will also discuss the current understanding of the correlation between Ssu72 in T cells and pathological functions which suggests that Ssu72 might be a therapeutic target in autoimmune disorders and other diseases.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.8.1-8.13
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• 2023

CD8⁺ T cells are activated by TCRs that recognize specific cognate Ags, while NK-cell activation is regulated by a balance between signals from germline-encoded activating and inhibitory NK receptors. Through these different processes of Ag recognition, CD8⁺ T cells and NK cells play distinct roles as adaptive and innate immune cells, respectively. However, some human CD8⁺ T cells have been found to express activating or inhibitory NK receptors. CD8⁺ T-cell populations expressing NK receptors straddle the innate-adaptive boundary with their innate-like features. Recent breakthrough technical advances in multi-omics analysis have enabled elucidation of the unique immunologic characteristics of these populations. However, studies have not yet fully clarified the heterogeneity and immunological characteristics of each CD8⁺ T-cell population expressing NK receptors. Here we aimed to review the current knowledge of various CD8⁺ T-cell populations expressing NK receptors, and to pave the way for delineating the landscape and identifying the various roles of these T-cell populations.