• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.76-86
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Korean red pine bark extract as an antibiotic replacements on cholesterol, fatty acids and the shelf-life of chicken meat. To accomplish this, chickens were fed the optimal level of red pine bark extract that was found to replace antibiotics in the diet of broilers. A total of 180 male broilers(Ross strain 308) were divided into three treated groups, T1(control group), T2(8 ppm of avilamycin) and T3(65 ppm of red pine bark extract per kg diet). The lipid content was reduced by 24.67% and 20.49% in T3 group, while the cholesterol level also decreased significantly in the T3 group by 20.49% and 20.55% when compared to the T1 and T2 groups, respectively. In addition, the saturated fatty acid level was lower in the T3 group than in the T1 and T2 groups, while the unsaturated fatty acid level of the T3 group was significantly higher than those of the other groups. The TBARS value of chicken thigh muscle containing its skin on the 7th day of low temperature storage was significantly lower by 23.86% and 21.17% in the T3 group than in the T1 and T2 groups, respectively. Evaluation of the color of the meat revealed that the $L^*$value (lightness) and $b^*$value(yellowness) were higher in the T3 group than in the T1 and the T2 groups, but that the pH was significantly lower in the T3. Based on the results of this study, the addition of 65 ppm red pine bark extract to the diet of broilers should improve their meat quality with respect to the lipid contents and shelf-life when compared to the addition of antibiotics.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.260-264
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• 2008

For the resistance test for Phytophthora blight of $T_1$ and $T_2$ transformants in pepper, Phytophthora blight fungus was inoculated to seedlings of the $T_1$ and $T_2$ transformants by concentration (density: zoospore $10^3/ml$). Occurrence rate of blight at 5days after inoculation was 4.0 % in T1-1 line and 10.0% in $T_1-2$ line, and its rate for 12 days after inoculation was 52.0% in $T_1-1$ line, 64.0% in $T_1-2$ line, respectively. Therefore, the lower occurrence rate to blight was enable to select resistant transformants in the some inoculation density (zoospore $10^3/ml$), meanwhile 'Kumtap' and 'Subicho' were 100% in highest occurrence rate to blight. For field test, in which blight was commonly occurred, of the Youngyang Pepper Experiment Station, the acquired transformant resisting to blight was similar to characteristics of domestic varieties, 'Subic ho' for fruit shape, but there are some differences in growth, days to flowering, fruit characteristics. Occurrence of blight in $T_2-1-6$, and $T_2-4-9$ lines was smaller approxmately 30% than commercial varieties, 'Kumtap', although occurrence of blight in field was showed higher difference among tested lines. In this study, we concluded that the transformants showing blight resistance selected from habitual field could be fixed at every generation, and the developed transformation system was also considered to develop transformants in pepper.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1089-1094
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• 2011

To treat non-point source pollution in Juam lake, removal efficiencies of pollutants were investigated in Bongsan constructed wetlands (CWs) at different treatment time, stages and wastewater loads. The constructed wetlands consisted of forebay, $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ wetlands. The concentrations of BOD, SS, T-N, and T-P in inflow were $1.87mg\;L^{-1}$, $1.62mg\;L^{-1}$, $11.47mg\;L^{-1}$, and $4.40mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The removal rates of BOD, SS, T-N, and T-P in Bongsan CWs were 26, 18, 16 and 9%, respectively. The removal rates of BOD and T-N were higher than those for SS and T-P. The amounts of pollutant removal in Bongsan CWs were higher in the order of forebay > $1^{st}$ wetland > $2^{nd}$ wetland for BOD, forebay > $2^{nd}$ wetland > $1^{st}$ wetland for SS, $1^{st}$ wetland > forebay > $2^{nd}$ wetland for T-N and $2^{nd}$ wetland > forebay > $1^{st}$ wetland for T-P.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2014

To explore effects on each the emotional awareness, emotional expression, emotional empathy, and emotional regulation, of the sub-factors of the child's emotional intelligence, to mural preference, emotion cultivation, and community connection, the hierarchical multiple regression analyses are performed(as in Table 1, 2, and 3). As the results, we found the following facts. Children's mural preference, emotion cultivation, and community connection were expressed by the following equations in order, respectively. Mural Preference = $.170{\times}$[Emotional Awareness](t=2.118, $p=.036^*$) - $.025{\times}$[Emotional Expression](t=-.275, p=.783) + $.088{\times}$[Emotional Empathy](t=.938, p=.350) + $.139{\times}$[Emotional Regulation] (t=1.529, p=.128). Mural Emotion Cultivation = $-.021{\times}$[Emotional Awareness](t=-.294, p=.769) - $.205{\times}$[Emotional Expression](t=-2.573, $p=.011^*$) + $.265{\times}$[Emotional Empathy](t=3.156, $p=.002^*$) + $.192{\times}$[Emotional Regulation](t=2.361, $p=.019^*$). Mural Community Connection = $-.001{\times}$[Emotional Awareness](t=-.007, p=.995) - $.132{\times}$[Emotional Expression](t=-1.478, p=.141) + $.172{\times}$[Emotional Empathy](t=1.732, $p=.027^*$) + $.098{\times}$[Emotional Regulation](t=1.072, p=.285).

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.2.1-2.19
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• 2020

Acute viral infection or vaccination generates highly functional memory CD8 T cells following the Ag resolution. In contrast, persistent antigenic stimulation in chronic viral infection and cancer leads to a state of T-cell dysfunction termed T-cell exhaustion. We and other have recently identified a novel subset of exhausted CD8 T cells that act as stem cells for maintaining virus-specific CD8 T cells in a mouse model of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. This stem cell-like CD8 T-cell subset has been also observed in both mouse and human tumor models. Most importantly, in both chronic viral infection and tumor models, the proliferative burst of Ag-specific CD8 T cells driven by PD-1-directed immunotherapy comes exclusively from this stem cell-like CD8 T-cell subset. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms how CD8 T-cell subsets are regulated during chronic viral infection and cancer is required to improve the current immunotherapies that restore the function of exhausted CD8 T cells. In this review, we discuss the differentiation of virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection, the characteristics and function of CD8 T-cell subsets, and the therapeutic intervention of PD-1-directed immunotherapy in cancer.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate feeding effects of the high pressure boiled extract(HPBE) of the Ogol chicken on weight gain and serum lipid composition of rat. Rats(S.D,♂) were fed with normal feed(T$_1$), normal feed ＋ herb HPBE(T$_2$), normal feed ＋ Ogol chicken HPBE(T$_3$), normal feed ＋ mixture of cross­bred Ogol chicken HPBE hydrolyzed with Flavourzyme 0.1% for 35 days. During experimental period, the effects of the treatments on growth performance, plasma triglyceride(TG) and cholesterol were determined. The effects of feeding HPBE on growth performance and serum triglyceride levels in rat. After a 6 day treatment, body weights were 39.96g, 44.56g, 43.34g, and 45.99g for T$_1$, T$_2$, T$_3$ and T$_4$ groups respectively. The growth rates of T$_2$ and T$_4$ groups were significantly(P<0.05) higher than T$_1$ group, but the differences were not observed after 18 days of feeding period. Triglyceride contents were 62.89${\pm}$6.24mg/dl, 55.70${\pm}$6.76mg/dl, 43.60${\pm}$4.68mg/dl and 45.00${\pm}$3.75mg/dl for T$_1$, T$_2$, T$_3$ and T$_4$ groups respectively, where T$_1$ group was significantly (P<0.05) higher than T$_3$ and T$_4$ groups. In serum total cholesterol contents, there was no significant difference among the groups. GOT(glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) and GPT(glutamic pyruvic transaminase) also showed similar levels among the treatments.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.342-347
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• 2011

T cells play a key role in viral infection. However, in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, HCV-specific T cells are dysfunctional and impaired in the liver, which is the primary site for HCV replication. There are multiple potential mechanisms for HCV-specific T cell dysfunction including induction of immune inhibitory pathways (program death-1; PD-1, cytotoxic t lymphocyte associated antigen-4; CTLA-4) and immune tolerance induced specific for the liver. However, the interaction between hepatocytes and HCV-specific CD8 T cells has not clearly established. In this study, we confirmed huh (human hepatoma) 7.5 cells expressing HLA (human leukocyte antigen) A2 presented antigen to activate HCV-specific CD8 T cells in HLA A2-restricted manner and expression of PD-L (program death ligand) 1 on huh7.5 cells reduced HCV-specific CD8 T cell activation, suggesting an immune modulatory activity. Loss of HCV-specific tetramer responses following antigenic stimulation correlated with increased caspase-3 activity. In addition, PD-L1 on huh7.5 cells rescued HCV-specific CD8 T cells from apoptosis. Our results suggest that the interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1 can recover the function of HCV-specific CD8 T cells in the liver, which could be applied in therapy of HCV chronic infection.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.6 no.3 s.12
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• pp.25-32
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• 1990

In this study, the cis to trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids were investigated about Soybean oil (SBO), Corn germ oil (CGO), Cottonseed oil (CSO), Margarine (MG), Shortening (ST) incubated at $40{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 35 days and heated at $185{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The contents and kinds of trans fatty acids in each sample were determined by GLC after seperating by HPLC. The results were obtained as follows; 1. When samples were incubated at $40{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 35 days, the contents of total trans fatty acids were increased from $0.5{\sim}12.3%$ to $0.8{\sim}20.5%$. The kinds of trans fatty acids found were $t-C_{18:1},\;t,c-C_{18:2},\;t,t-C_{18:2},\;t,c,c-C_{18:3}$ in $SBO,\;t-C_{18:1},\;t,c-C_{18:2}$ in $CGO,\;t-C_{16:1},\;t-C_{18:1},\;t,c-C_{18:2},\;t,t-C_{18:2}$ in CSO. Processed oil such as MG and ST showed more complicated composition of trans fatty acids than SBO, CGO and CSO. $t-C_{18:1},\;t,c-C_{18:2},\;t,t-C_{18:2},\;t,c,t-C_{18:3},\;t-C_{20:1}$ were detected in ST. 2. In the case of heating at $185{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, the contents of total trans fatty acid were $1.6{\sim}37%$. 2% in all samples. Heating made more remarkable isomerization than incubation $(40{\pm}2^{\circ}C)$. Specially, $c,c,t-C_{18:3}$ in $SBO,\;t,t,t-C_{18:3}$ in $MG,\;t,c,t-C_{18:3},\;t,t,t-C_{18:3}$ in ST were detected. 3. The total contents of trans fatty acids of processed oil were higher than vegetable oils. During incubation, trans fatty acids increased in the order of MG>ST>CGO>SBO>CSO, and during heat treatment, MG>ST>SBO>CGO>CSO.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.199-204
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• 1995

The antifungal effects of polyposphates on the growth and T-2 toxin production of Fusarium sporotrichioides M-1-1 were investigated. The growth of the strain was significantly inhibited in the potatoes dextrose agar medium treated with 1.5% polyphosphates or more. When we checked T-2 toxin by the indirect competitive ELISA, the strain produced 11.25 ug/ml and 10.90 ug/ml levels of T-2 toxin rice and corn containing 50% moisture contents, respectively. However, T-2 toxin was little detected in rice medium and corn medium with 1.5% polyphosphates addition for short(14 days) and prolonged incubation time(45 days). We also observed the destruction of cell wall and outflow of cell ingredients with 1% polyphosphates treatment to the strain. Therefore, moisture and polyphosphates greatly effected on the growth and T-2 toxin production of the strain.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 1978

Let $X_i,...,X_n$ be a random sample from a distribution with cumulants $K_1, K_2,...$. The statistic $t = \frac{\sqrt{x}(\bar{X}-K_1)}{S}$ has the well-known 'student' distribution with $\nu = n-1$ degrees of freedom if the $X_i$ are normally distributed (i.e., $K_i = 0$ for $i \geq 3$). An Edgeworth series expansion for the distribution of t when the $X_i$ are not normally distributed is obtained. The form of this expansion is Prob $(t