• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.207-254
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• 2018

The major court rulings delivered in 2017 include the ruling that separated the legal character of denture production agreement signed together with medical care agreement and found a subcontracting dimension in the former, and the ruling that overcame the limitations of the theory of entire appearance of a fetus as discussed in civil law by using the legal principle of insurance which suggests that unborn child insurance takes effect after the contract is signed and the first installment of the premium is paid in. As more court rulings find the medical specialists responsible for accidents and injuries from drugs, some argue that medication counseling by the druggist who makes and dispenses drugs should be upgraded. And with respect to a court ruling that denied the hospital's responsibility for an infection-involving accident even if there were no records on specific measures taken in infection management, some criticized the court for being too conservative in recognizing responsibilities. And with respect to infectious disease management, some criticized the court for its interpretation and application of the facts in the direction of denying the negligence. In addition, some claimed that it is necessary to establish institutional system for hospital infection control and its aid for victims, and to improve the system including the reversal of the burden of proof given the special nature of hospital infections. A number of rulings on the duty to disclose included the one which stated that the specific matter did not require a doctor's explanation as it was explained or the specific medical service would have been performed even if no explanation had been given. There was a greatly controversial ruling over the scope of indemnification, which accepted the occurrence of multiple scars and deformation as disorders while regarding breast as a thoracic organ. And a Supreme Court ruling over interpreting Medical Service Act was criticized as overstepping the boundary allowed in the law.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.33B no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 1996

The purpose of this paper is object recognition even in the presence of occlusion by using generalized Hough transform(GHT). The GHT can be considered as a kind of model based object recognition algorithm and is executed in the following two stages. The first stage is to store the information of the model in the form of R-table (Reference table). The next stage is to identify the existence of the objects in the image by using the R-table. The improved GHT method is proposed for the practical vision system. First, in constructing the R-table, we extracted the partial arc from the portion of the whole object boundary, and this partial arc can be used for constructing the R-table. Also, clustering algorithm is employed for compensating an error arised by digitizing an object image. Second, an efficient method is introduced to avoid Ballard's use of 4-D array which is necessary for estimating position, orientation and scale change of an object. Only 2-D array is enough for recognizing an object. Especially, scale token method is introduced for calculating the scale change which is easily affected by camera zoom. The results of our test show that the improved hierarchical GHT method operates stably in the realistic vision situation, even in the case of object occlusion.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.351-367
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• 2011

Few previous researches have been studied in terms of franchisees' perceptions of franchisors' entrepreneurial activities within the boundary of restaurant franchising industry settings. The sampling frame for this study included 605 restaurant franchisees in the business-format franchising system in Korea and data were collected from 1 October 2009 to 28 February 2010. This study, from franchisees' views, investigated the relationship among franchisors' entrepreneurship, external environment, organizational structure(mechanistic-organic) and managerial performance, with structural equation modeling(SEM). The research findings were, firstly, external environment positively affected entrepreneurship which positively affected market orientation and managerial performance, and secondly, market orientation made franchisors select organic structure and heighten managerial performance. Also, external environment led franchisors to adopt organic structure and aggravated their managerial performance. The implications of these findings were as follows. Firstly, the more franchiors had initiatives, innovatedness and risk-taking attitudes, the higher they had managerial performances and market orientation. Secondly, franchisors should keep and heighten market share with keeping in mind with customer orientation, competition orientation, harmony between departments, long-term orientation and profitability. Thirdly, continuous and cautious environmental scanning was necessary because external restaurant environment made organizational structure being changed and managerial performance being aggravated.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.17-18
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• 2011

Plasma in liquid phase has attracted great attention in the last few years by the wide domain of applications in material processing, decomposition of organic and inorganic chemical compounds and sterilization of water. The plasma in liquid is characterized by three main regions which interact each - other during the plasma operation: the liquid phase, which supply the plasma gas phase with various chemical compounds and ions, the plasma in the gas phase at atmospheric pressure and the interface between these two regions. The most complex region, but extremely interesting from the fundamental, chemical and physical processes which occur here, is the boundary between the liquid phase and the plasma gas phase. In our laboratory, plasma in liquid which behaves as a glow discharge type, is generated by using a bipolar pulsed power supply, with variable pulse width, in the range of 0.5~10 ${\mu}s$ and 10 to 30 kHz repetition rate. Plasma in water and other different solutions was characterized by electrical and optical measurements. Strong emissions of OH and H radicals dominate the optical spectra. Generally water with 500 ${\mu}S/cm$ conductivity has a breakdown voltage around 2 kV, depending on the pulse width and the repetition rate of the power supply. The characteristics of the plasma initiated in ultrapure water between pairs of different materials used for electrodes (W and Ta) were investigated by the time-resolved optical emission and the broad-band absorption spectroscopy. The deexcitation processes of the reactive species formed in the water plasma depend on the electrode material, but have been independent on the polarity of the applied voltage pulses. Recently, Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy method was employed to investigate the chemistry in the liquid phase and at the interface between the gas and the liquid phases of the solution plasma system. The use of the solution plasma allows rapid fabrication of the metal nanoparticles without being necessary the addition of different reducing agents, because plasma in the liquid phase provides a reaction field with a highly excited energy radicals. We successfully synthesized gold nanoparticles using a glow discharge in aqueous solution. Nanoparticles with an average size of less than 10 nm were obtained using chlorauric acid solutions as the metal source. Carbon/Pt hybrid nanostructures have been obtained by treating carbon balls, synthesized in a CVD chamber, with hexachloro- platinum acid in a solution plasma system. The solution plasma was successfully used to remove the template remained after the mesoporous silica synthesis. Surface functionalization of the carbon structures and the silica surface with different chemical groups and nanoparticles, was also performed by processing these materials in the liquid plasma.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2018

This paper addresses the problem of efficient processing of region monitoring queries. The centralized methods used for existing region monitoring query processing assumes that the mobile object periodically sends location-updates to the server and the server continues to update the query results. However, a large amount of location updates seriously degrade the system performance. Recently, some distributed methods have been proposed for region monitoring query processing. In the distributed methods, the server allocates to all objects i) a resident domain that is a subspace of the workspace, and ii) a number of nearby query regions. All moving objects send location updates to the server only when they leave the resident domain or cross the boundary of the query region. In order to allocate the resident domain to the moving object along with the nearby query region, we use a query index structure that is constructed by splitting the workspace recursively into equal halves. However, However, the above index structure causes unnecessary division, resulting in deterioration of system performance. In this paper, we propose an adaptive split method to reduce unnecessary splitting. The workspace splitting is dynamically allocated i) considering the spatial relationship between the query region and the resultant subspace, and ii) the distribution of the query region. We proposed an enhanced QR-tree with a new splitting method. Through a set of simulations, we verify the efficiency of the proposed split methods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.259-268
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• 2005

There has been a growing interest in the elimination of anoxic layer in the Youngsan River Estuarybecause the anoxic water mass caused mainly by the inflow of fresh water from the sea wall might cause the mass reduction of benthos during summer. An ocean outfall system to discharge treated wastewater into sea water may be used as one of the effective and economical ways to eliminate the anoxic layer. The suitable ocean outfall design is generally proposed for the prediction of the buoyant jet behavior in the near field. The parameters including CTD and current data are taken into account f3r more reliable buoyant jet behavior calculation. One of the numerical models, CORMIX 1, approved by EPA is used herein for the prediction of the trajectorial variation of the cross-sectional salinity and DO concentration distribution on the calculated buoyant jet boundary according to the tidal periods. On the basis of the results, it is suggested that the single port outfall is a useful system to eliminate the anoxic layer. Proper strategies are also proposed for achieving desirable ambient conditions.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.104-115
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• 2013

In a shallow water waveguide, reverberation signals and their Doppler effects form the primary limitation on sonar system performance. Therefore, in the reverberation-limited environment, it is necessary to estimate the reverberation level to be encountered under the conditions in which the sonar system is operated. In this paper, high-frequency reverberation model capable of simulating the reverberation signals received by a high-speed moving source in a range independent waveguide is suggested. In this model, eigenray information from the source to each boundary is calculated using the ray-based approach and the optimizing method for the launch angles. And the source receiving position changed by the moving source is found by a scattering path-finding algorithm, which considers the speed and direction of source and sound speed to find the path of source movement. The scattering effects from sea surface and bottom boundaries are considered by APL-UW scattering models. The model suggested in this paper is verified by a comparison to the measurements made in August 2010. Lastly, this model reflects well statistical properties of the reverberation signals.

• Atmosphere
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.111-126
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• 2016

In the numerical weather model, surface properties can be defined by various parameters such as terrain height, landuse, surface albedo, soil moisture, surface emissivity, roughness length and so on. And these parameters need to be improved in the Seoul metropolitan area that established high-rise and complex buildings by urbanization at a recent time. The surface roughness length map is developed from digital elevation model (DEM) and it is implemented to the high-resolution numerical weather (WISE-WRF) model. Simulated results from WISE-WRF model are analyzed the relationship between meteorological variables to changes in the surface roughness length. Friction speed and wind speed are improved with various surface roughness in urban, these variables affected to temperature and relative humidity and hence the surface roughness length will affect to the precipitation and Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) height. When surface variables by the WISE-WRF model are validated with Automatic Weather System (AWS) observations, NEW experiment is able to simulate more accurate than ORG experiment in temperature and wind speed. Especially, wind speed is overestimated over $2.5m\;s^{-1}$ on some AWS stations in Seoul and surrounding area but it improved with positive correlation and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) below $2.5m\;s^{-1}$ in whole area. There are close relationship between surface roughness length and wind speed, and the change of surface variables lead to the change of location and duration of precipitation. As a result, the accuracy of WISE-WRF model is improved with the new surface roughness length retrieved from DEM, and its surface roughness length is important role in the high-resolution WISE-WRF model. By the way, the result in this study need various validation from retrieved the surface roughness length to numerical weather model simulations with observation data.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

In the present work, an electrowinning process in the LiCl-KCl/Cd system is considered to model and analyze the electrotransport of the actinide and rare-earth elements. A simple dynamic modeling of this process was performed by taking into account the material balances and diffusion-controlled electrochemical reactions in a diffusion boundary layer at an electrode interface between the molten salt electrolyte and liquid cadmium cathode. The proposed modeling approach was based on the half-cell reduction reactions of metal chloride occurring on the cathode. This model demonstrated a capability for the prediction of the concentration behaviors, a faradic current of each element and an electrochemical potential as function of the time up to the corresponding electrotransport satisfying a given applied current based on a galvanostatic electrolysis. The results of selected case studies including five elements (U, Pu, Am, La, Nd) system are shown, and a preliminary simulation is carried out to show how the model can be used to understand the electrochemical characteristics and provide better information for developing an advanced electrowinner.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

The ecosystem is the complex system consisting of various biotic and abiotic factors and the factors interact with each other in the hierarchical predator-prey relationship. Since the competitive relation spatiotemporally occurs, the initial state of population density and species distribution are likely to play an important role in the stability of the ecosystem. In the present study, we constructed a lattice model to simulate the three-trophic ecosystem (predatorprey- plant) and using the model, explored how the ecosystem stability is affected by the initial density. The size of lattice space was $L{\times}L$, (L=100) with periodic boundary condition. The initial density of the plant was arbitrarily set as the value of 0.2. The simulation result showed that predator and prey coexist when the density of predator is less than or equal to 0.4 and the density of prey is less than or equal to 0.5. On the other hand, when the predator density is more than or equal to 0.5 and the density of prey is more than or equal to 0.6, both of predator and prey were extinct. In addition, we found that the strong nonlinearity in the interaction between species was observed in the border area between the coexistence and extinction in the species density space.