• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.375-384
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional involvement of sympathetic nerve in the control of the microcirculation in the dental pulp with the aim of elucidation of the involvement of neuropeptides and sympathetic nerve in neurogenic inflammation. Experiments were done on the 7 cats anesthetised with sodium pentobarbital, and sympathetic nerve to the' dental pulp was stimulated electrically (10 Hz, 4 V, 1.5 ms, 3.5 mins). Ana-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine and a neuropeptide Y antagonist D-myo-inositol-1,2,6-trisphosphate (PP56) were injected close intra-arterially into the dental pulp without changing the systemic blood pressure. The probe of laser Doppler flowmeter was placed on the buccal surface of ipsilateral canine teeth to the stimulation, and pulpal blood flow was measured. Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve decreased pulpal blood flow by $55.24{\pm}7.74\;%$ (mean${\pm}$SEM, n = 13). Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve following the injection of the ${\alpha}$-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine ($0.1{\mu}g$/kg) caused decrease of pulpal blood flow by $14.35{\pm}3.43%$ (mean${\pm}$SEM, n=5). Phentolamine attenuated the sympathetic nerve-induced pulpal blood flow decrease by $74.02{\pm}9.32%$ (mean${\pm}$SEM) Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve following the injection of the neuropeptide Y antagonist PP56 (2.3 mg/kg) caused decrease of pulpal blood flow by $30.64{\pm}7.92%$ (mean${\pm}$SEM, n=6). PP56 attenuated the sympathetic nerve-induced pulpal blood flow decrease by $44.37{\pm}11.01%$ (mean${\pm}$SEM). These data provide evidences of the co-contribution of nerepinephrine and neuropeptide Y on the sympathetic nerve-induced vasoconstriction in the feline dental pulp. In addition, they show functional evidences that sympathetic nerve plays an active role in controlling the microcirculation of the dental pulp.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.807-810
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• 2008

From October 2005 to August 2006, sympathetic nerve reconstruction with using the intercostal nerve was performed in 4 patients with severe compensatory hyperhidrosis following thoracoscopic sympathetic surgery for facial hyperhidrosis. The interval between the initial sympathetic clipping and the sympathetic nerve reconstruction was a median of 23.1 months. The compensatory sweating after sympathetic nerve reconstruction was improved for 2 patients, but it was not improved for 2 patients. Thoracoscopic sympathetic nerve reconstruction may be one of the useful treatment methods for the patients with severe compensatory hyperhidrosis after they under go sympathetic nerve surgery for hyperhidrosis.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.11-21
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• 2007

The purpose of this study were to investigate influence of heat stress temperature on sympathetic nerve activities. Subjects were 8 normal adults (4 men, 4 women, 21.36 years old). First sympathetic nerve activities were measured at the point that increase of core temperature stops at the state of applying normal thermic temperature (NIT; $34^{\circ}C$). After measurement, temperature of bathtub was increased to heat stress temperature (HST; $46^{\circ}C$) and sympathetic nerve activities were remeasured at the point that temperature increase stops. Sympathetic skin response (SSR) were analyzed using EMG, IR thermometer, and auto stethoscope. SSR latency showed significant differences at both palms by electrical stimulation to median nerve (p<.05). Electrical stimulation to forehead showed significant difference at left palm (p<.05) and electrical stimulation to navel showed significant difference at right palm (p<.05). Median nerve in changes of SSR amplitude showed significant differences at both palms in HST (p<.01). Electrical stimulation to navel showed significant difference at left palm (p<.05). Ts of forehead and xiphoid process showed significant differences (p<0.01). Tc of oral (p<0.05) and inner ear (p<0.01) showed significant differences. Pulse rate showed significant difference (<0.05). This study showed that immersion in HST had significant decrease of excitability in sympathetic nervous system compared to immersion in NTT.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.259-277
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate two subjects: the diagnostic value of bilateral lowering of electrical activity at point H4,5,6 of Ryodoraku and the mechanism for Ryodoraku phenomena. Methods : Electrical activities of Ryodoraku test and electrogastrography recorded simultaneously and monitored continuously from 16 cases of functional dyspeptic patients were collected and their variations were grouped by the topics of discussion which were peculiarity, stability, lagging, alterability, and anomaly. Ryodoraku recordings obtained from 6 patients with different gastrointestinal diseases and 1 normal healthy person were used as control. The results are discussed with Nakatani's suggestion, theory of sympathetic nerve and Meridian Principle, respectively. Finely, coincidence of stomach arrangement between anatomy and meridian system in Ryodoraku was also evaluated. Results : Time-course variation showed a regular relationship between the typical pattern of Ryodoraku at point H4,5,6 and gastric myoelectrical activity. However, an irregular relationship and atypical pattern of Ryodoraku occasionally appeared. A literature search suggested that electrical response at the Ryodoraku point H4,5,6 may be dependent on an afferent sympathetic spinal reflex transmitted from the stomach. However, there was no evidence for making clear whether bilateral lowering of electrical activity at this point was induced by hypofunction of local sympathetic nerve in the skin itself or of signals transmitted from the gastric sympathetic nerve or not. The coincidence of 19% could not provide a visceral arrangement of the stomach between anatomy and meridian systems. Conclusions : Bilateral lowering of electrical activity at Ryodoraku point H4,5,6 has value as a diagnostic index for gastric dysmotility of functional dyspepsia. This phenomenon is associated with spinal reflex transmitted from the afferent sympathetic nerve in the stomach but not that of meridian function.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) on sympathetic tone in healthy subjects. Stimulation in the conventional and burst modes was applied to the skin of the forearm overlying the median nerve. TENS was applied for 20 minutes at an intensity sufficient to produce a perceptible though not uncomfortable sensation and no muscle contracion of the forearm musculature. The change in sympathetic tone was measured with skin temperature. Skin temperature was measured at the index finger and on the volar surface of the forearm in the stimulated limb. The conventional and burst modes did not change the skin temperature at any of the two measurement sites. We conclude that TENS, as applied in this study, does not influence sympathetic tone. Further research is needed to assess the sympathetic effects of TENS on patient groups, long term treatment and other modalities.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.109-115
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• 2002

This study conducts eccentric exercise ti non-dominant elbow flexor of 20 persons in order to examine the effects of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation on sympathetic nerve activity in delayed onset muscle soreness, induces delayed onset muscle soreness, divides them into 10 persons respectively as experimental and control groups. And a stimulation for 2 min. with 100 pps is given to elbow flexor after repeated three times of 10 minutes rest, temperature, blood pressure and pulse are measured and as a result of two-way ANOVA, change of temperature didn't show a significant difference according to the elapse of times(p>0.05) and systolic pressure and pulses in showed a significant difference between experimental and control groups(p<0.05). These results suggest that transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation has a direct or indirect influence on sympathetic nerve activity in delayed onset muscle soreness under a restricted condition of electrical stimulation.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2002

Objectives: The objectives of this study is the examination of physiology of the obesity by automatic bioelectric response recorder. Methods: The 86 patients below BMI 20 and the 144 patients over BMI 25 were objectives. They visited Dongguk University Kangnam oriental medical hospital from 2000. April 1 to 2001 August 30. Results :The patients below BMI 20 were accelerated a parasympathetic nerve and were decelerated a sympathetic nerve, so they loosened the tension, lacked the resistance and were oversensitive. The patients over BMI 25 were accelerated a sympathetic nerve and were decelerated a parasympathetic nerve, so they maintained the tension and the resistance.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.26-38
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• 1996

In a normal state, sympathetic efferent activity does not elicit discharges of sensory neurons, whereas it becomes associated with and excites sensory neurons in a pathophysiological state such as injury to a peripheral nerve. Although this sympathetic-sensory interaction is reportedly adrenergic, involved subtypes of adrenoreceptors are not yet clearly revealed. The purpose of this study was to determine which adrenorceptor subtypes were involved in sympathetic-sensory interaction that was developed in rats with an experimental peripheral neuropathy. Using rats that received a tight ligation of one or two of L4-L6 spinal nerves 10~15 days previously, a recording was made from afferent fibers in microfilaments teased from the dorsal root that was in continuity with the ligated spinal nerve. Electrical stimulation of sympathetic preganglionic fibers in T13 or L1 ventral root (50 Hz, 2-5 mA. 0.5 ms pulse duration, 10 sec) was made to see if the activity of recorded afferents was modulated. About half of afferents showing spontaneous discharges responded to sympathetic stimulation, and had the conduction velocities in the A-fiber range. Most of the sympathetically induced afferent responses were excitation. This sympathetically induced excitation occurred in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and was blocked by yohimbine (${\alpha}_2$ blocker), neither by propranolol ($\beta$ blocker) not by prazosine (${\alpha}_1$ blocker). The results suggest that after spinal nerve ligation, sympathetic efferents interact with sensory neurons having A-fiber axons in DRG where adrenaline released from sympathetic nerve endings excites the activity of sensory neurons by acting on 2-adrenoreceptors. This 2-adrenoreceptor mediated excitation of sensory neurons may account for sympathetic involvement in neuropathic pain.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two different forms of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) and one of microcurrent high voltage pulsed galvanic current(HVPC) on sympathetic tone in healthy subjects. Fourty subjects received TENS(20) and PVPC(30) during short time(20min). Left finger tip skin temperatures were measured at four interval for each treatment : 1) before treatment, 2) after 10 minutes treatment, 3)after 20 minutes treatment, and 4) after 10 minutes rest. The results were as follows. 1) TENS treatment group increased skin temperature after treatment 20 minutes, but HVPC treatment increased akin temperature after 10 minutes and recovered normal skin temperature after 10 minutes treatment. It means that short time(20min) electrical stimulation decreased sympathetic activities. 2) Sympathetic activities of TENS stimulation were influenced by age, but HVPC were not. 3) During 10 minutes, both treatment increased sympathetic activities, but HVPC treatment reversed sympathetic activity more rapidly than TENS. 4) The changes of skin temperature means by sex, males in TENS treatment group were higher than females, but HVPC were reverted.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.162-170
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• 2019

Objectives : Increasing evidence suggests that parasympathetic vagus nerve activity plays a role in modulating acupuncture-induced anti-inflammatory reaction, but the function of sympathetic nerve is not known. Here, we investigated whether splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity was involved in the regulation of splenic expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA by electroacupuncture (EA) in LPS-injected animals. Methods : DiI was injected into the stomach or celiac ganglion (CG) for retrograde labeling of the target tissues. EA was given at ST36 and the electrical stimulation on the sciatic nerve in LPS-injected mice. c-Fos signals in the tissues were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA was analyzed by real-time PCR. Results : Application of EA at ST36 or electrical stimulation on the sciatic nerve induced c-Fos expression in neurons of the spinal cord and celiac ganglion (CG). Then, the vagotomy reduced c-Fos levels in CG neurons but not in the spinal cord in animals given EA. Expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA which was induced in the spleen after LPS was significantly inhibited by EA, then the vagotomy elevated $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA level similar to that in LPS-injected animals. Splanchnectomy in animals given LPS and EA also increased $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA though it was less effective than vagotomy. Conclusions : Our data suggest that EA delivered to the spleen via the splanchnic sympathetic nerve may be involved in attenuating splenic inflammatory responses in LPS-injected animals.