• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.645-646
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• 2015

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) or neurotransmitters in the bone marrow microenvironment has been known to regulate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions such as self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation. However, the specific role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in this process remains relatively unexplored. In this study, we demonstrated that NPY deficient mice have significantly reduced HSC numbers and impaired bone marrow regeneration due to apoptotic destruction of SNS fibers and/or endothelial cells. Moreover, NPY treatment prevented bone marrow impairments in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced SNS injury, while conditional knockout mice lacking the Y1 receptor in macrophages did not restore bone marrow dysfunction in spite of NPY injection. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) secreted by NPY-mediated Y1 receptor stimulation in macrophages plays a key role in neuroprotection and HSC survival in the bone marrow. Therefore, this study reveals a new role of NPY in bone marrow HSC microenvironment, and provides an insight into the therapeutic application of this neuropeptide.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2001

Psychological and physiological effects from simulator sickness could be an important bias factor for sensibility evaluation. The present experiment investigated the effects of simulator sickness on sensibility evaluation in the controlled condition of driving a car for 60 minutes on a constant speed (60km/h) in graphic simulator. The simulator sickness was measured and analysed for every five minutes using their subjective evaluation and physiological signals. Results of the subjective evaluation showed that there was significant difference between rest and driving condition at 10 minutes from the start of driving, and the level of difference was increased linearly with time. The analysis on central and autonomic nervous systems showed the significant difference between rest and driving conditions after 5 minutes from the start of the driving on the parameters $\alpha$/total and $\beta$/total, and increased level of sympathetic nervous system. But there was no significant difference between different time conditions. The results indicates that physiological changes from simulator sickness can be a bias factor in objective evaluation of human sensibility which also, uses physiological signals. That is, the changes on the parameter $\alpha$/total and $\beta$/total, and on activation level of sympathetic nervous system from simulator sickness can be a bias factor for evaluation of the level of pleasantness and tension. Therefore the effort on improving the analysis by minimizing or eliminating the bias factors should be done for better and accurate sensibility evaluation in simulator environments.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.165-176
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of mental stress stimulation and acupucnture applied at HT7 point on heart rate variability (HRV) in normal subjects. Methods : Thirty seven healthy volunteers participated in this study. The volunteers were randomly allocated into two groups. Both groups performed a mental arithmetic stress test and stroop color-word test for 10 minute. Then, acupuncture needles were inserted on HT7 for the study group and on non-acupucnture point for the control group. HRV was recorded three times at test time and before and after acupuncture stimulation. Results : After giving mental stress stimulation to both groups, LF and LF!HF ratio were increased and HF was decreased significantly. After giving acupuncture to study group, LF and LF/HF ratio were decreased and HF was increased, but it was not significant. After giving acupuncture to control group, LF and LF/HF ratio were increased and HF was decreased, but it was not significant. Conclusions : This results show that mental arithmetic stress test and stroop color-word test contribute to activation of the sympathetic nervous system Acupuncture at HT7 could be relatively useful to decrease sympathetic activity and balance autonomic nervous system for those who are under stress.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1 s.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 1966

It has been known that the pronounced hypotension resulting from hemorrhage gives rise to compensatory stimulation of the adrenosympathetic system, which leads to an increase of liberation of catecholamines from sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla. It is obvious, therefore, that numerous physiological and biochemical changes during the hemorrhagic hypotention might be mediated through the increased liberation of catecholamines. Although an extensive studies have been reported on changes of protein and carbohydrate metabolism in hemorrhagic shock a few studies on the changes of lipid metabolism have been reported. Levenson(1961) observed a marked increase of serum lipids content during hemorrhagic shock and also noticed a marked elevation of serum free fatty acids. He suggested that these effects were due to mobilization and accelerated metabolic breakdown of lipids which might be resulted by sympathetic stimulation as a cause. To elucidate the mechanism of this, author studied the change of serum free fatty acids and blood sugar with relation to catecholamines during experimentally induced hemorrhagic shock in dog. Healthy male mongrel dogs weighing approximately 15kg were used. Under the general anesthesia with pentobarbital, rapid hemorrhage was produced from the femoral artery maintaining blood pressure level of 40 mmHg measured by the manometer connected with the opposite femoral artery throughout the experiment. Serum free fatty acids(FFA) and blood sugar were measured by the methods of Dole(1956) and Folin-wu,(1920) respectively. Tissue catecholamine was measured by Shore and Olin method(1958) using Aminco-Bowman spectrophotofluorometer.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.102-108
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine the changes of skin temperature and subjective fatigue of the thoracic vertebrae by the chiropractic adjustments. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system will cause the changes in the skin blood flow which can be detected by measuring the skin surface temperature. This study was to see whether chiropractic adjustments could affect the activity of the sympathetic nervous system as reflected by changes in skin temperature of the thoracic. Skin temperature and subjective fatigue on 16 subjects was measured before, within 10 sec, 10min, 20min and 30 min after a thoracic adjustment with Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging(DITI) and Visual Analogue Scale(VAS). The adjustments consisted of a straight posterior-to-anterior high-speed, low-amplitude thrust to the transverse process of T3-T10 using a reinforced hypothenar contact. The average temperature and fatigue changed when the spine was considered as an entire unit. These results illustrate that the blood flow through the soft tissue can be affected by specific adjustments to the spine. This study might be served as an useful baseline data for the changes of the circulation and fatigue after the chiropractic adjustments.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.114-122
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• 2001

As of these, the exterior design of the public transportation systems, especially electric multiple, tends to mimic advanced country's design rather than design of car shape reflecting cultural and spiritual background. However, in the new transportation system, the design which satisfies the transportation demand must be changed into the design which creates transportation demand. In this respect, this research focuses on the factor's embodiment which is perceived by Korean passenger sympathetic to cultural and spiritual needs. The results of this research are Korean AGT design on rubber tire AGT, steel wheel AGT, LM AGT system and environmental design related to AGT systems.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.509-516
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• 2013

As the visual fatigue induced by 3D visual stimulation has raised some safety concerns in the industry, this study aims to quantify the visual fatigue through the means of measuring the facial temperature changes. Facial temperature was measured for one minute before and after watching a visual stimulus. Whether the visual fatigue has occurred was measured through subjective evaluations and high cognitive tasks. The difference in the changes that occurred after watching a 2D stimulus and a 3D stimulus was computed in order to associate the facial temperature changes and the visual fatigue induced by watching 3D contents. The results showed significant differences in the subjective evaluations and in the high cognitive tasks. Also, the ERP latency increased after watching 3D stimuli. There were significant differences in the maximum value of the temperature at the forehead and at the tip of the nose. A previous study showed that 3D visual fatigue activates the sympathetic nervous system. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is known to increase the heart rate as well as the blood flow into the face through the carotid arteries system. When watching 2D or 3D stimuli, the sympathetic nervous system activation dictates the blood flow, which then influences the facial temperature. This study is meaningful in that it is one of the first investigations that looks into the possibility to measure 3D visual fatigue with thermal images.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.66-74
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• 2005

Objective: Stress is one of the most important etiological factors in our lives. Human body makes effort to keep his homeostasis from stress by using autonomic nerve system. So we need markers which can evaluate autonomic nerve system easily. HRV represents such markers. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nerve system are part of autonomic nerve system, related with cur body and diseases in ENT, Dermatology, Ophthalmology are also deeply related with stress, Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nerve system. So we can expect that it can help understanding patients to evaluate autonomic nerve system with HRV Research Methods and Procedures: Forty one patients who have seif-recognized stress in Dept. of Oph & Otolaryngo & Dermatology were selected. SDNN. RMSSD, LF, HF, norm-LF, norm-HF, LF/HF ratio, LnLF, LnHF were checked. Results: Men showed lower SDNN, HF, and LnHF than women(p<0.05). Age over-forty group showed significant lower SDNN, LF, HF, LnLF, LnH(p<0.01), and lower RMSSD(p<0.05) than age under-forty group. There's no big differences for age at norm-LF, norm-HF, and LF/HF ratio. Skin disease group showed higher SDNN, RMSSD, LF, HF, LnLF, LNHF than the others, facial palsy group showed higher norm-HF. LF/HF ratio, and mouth-throat group showed higher norm-LF, but there's no statically significant difference. Comparing skin disease group with the others, the others showed statically significant low SDNN(P<0.01), RMSSD, LF, HF, LnLF and LnHF(P<0.05).

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.76-84
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• 2004

1. Objectives This paper is intended to find out Sasang Constitutional difference on Autonomous Function after Acupuncture stimulation in healthy subjects. 2. Methods of Research Nineteen healthy volunteers(Soyangin 6, Taeumin 7, Soeumin 6) had acupunctured perpendicularly into the Hapkok point(LI4) and the Taechung point(Liv3). Heart Rate Variability, Mean Heart Rate and Blood Pressure were checked 4 times(before and after Acupuncture stimulation) to evaluate Autonomous Function. 3. Results & Conclusions The conclusions were as follows 1. There was no statistically significant Sasang Constitutional difference on sympathetic activity and parasympathetic activity before Acupuncture stimulation. 2. Acupuncture stimulation caused a statistically significant increase in the parasympathetic activity in the whole subject. 3. After Acupuncture stimulation, there was a statistically significant increase in the parasympathetic activity in Soeumin and a tendency of increase in the parasympathetic activity in Soyangin. But there was a tendency of increase in the Sympathetic activity in Taeumin.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.217-228
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• 2021

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in chronic low back pain and neuropathic pain. Methods: Seventy-four patients aged 18-65 with chronic low back pain were included in the study. Baseline measurements were performed, and patients were randomized into three groups. The first group received burst TENS (bTENS), the second group conventional TENS (cTENS), and the third group placebo TENS (pTENS), all over 15 sessions. Patients' visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were evaluated before treatment (preT), immediately after treatment (postT), and in the third month after treatment (postT3). Douleur Neuropathique 4 Questions (DN4), the Modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (MOS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and sympathetic skin response (SSR) values were also evaluated preT and postT3. Results: A statistically significant improvement was observed in mean VAS scores postT compared to preT in all three groups. Intergroup comparison revealed a significant difference between preT and postT values, that difference being assessed in favor of bTENS at multiple comparison analysis. Although significant improvement was determined in neuropathic pain DN4 scores measured at postT3 compared to preT in all groups, there was no significant difference between the groups. No statistically significant difference was also observed between the groups in terms of MOS, BDI, or SSR values at postT3 (P > 0.05). Conclusions: bTENS therapy in patients with low back pain is an effective and safe method that can be employed in short-term pain control.