• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.562-573
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• 2017

Some symbiotic characteristics of native Korean Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae were analysed to get some informations desirable for cultivation of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) using its symbiont in Korea. The size of indigenous populations of R. leguminosarum biovar viciae was higher in seven upland soils showing $1.7{\times}10^2{\sim}5.8{\times}10^4cells\;g{\cdot}soil^{-1}$, which appeared to be 10% and 37% higher for cultivated and uncultivated soils of hairy vetch, respectively, than seven paddy soils with $1.7{\times}10^2{\sim}1.7{\times}10^4cells\;g{\cdot}soil^{-1}$. In symbiotic potentials, however, the yields of hairy vetch treated with 10-fold-diluted ($10^{-1}$) inoculum and 1000-fold-diluted ($10^{-3}$) one was 11.2% and 8.8% more, respectively, in paddy than upland. Hairy vetch inoculated with either strain KHR 106 from Sacheon or strain KHR 120 from Yesan among native Korean R. leguminosarum biovar viciae isolates was of similar yield increment of 16% (p < 0.05) in upland soils with native R. leguminosarum biovar viciae of $5.8{\times}10cells\;g{\cdot}soil^{-1}$. In case of coinoculation of the two strains, however, the yields was not significantly increased. In especial, isolate KHR 106, KHR 120, and KHR 122 from Suwon, which has also good symbiotic effectiveness, showed different protein profile patterns each other. As a result, hairy vetch is possibly able to use atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic relationship with diverse native R. leguminosarum biovar viciae in Korean arable lands. For safe and good production of hairy, however, the use of superior strains with high symbiotic effectiveness and competitiveness will be desirable.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2006

In this study, native Byadyrhizobium strains were isolated from the host plant, Glycine max, harvested from fields in Madhya Pradesh, India, and were typed by Iytic rhizobiophages. Eight indigenous (Soy2, ASR011, ASR031, ASR032, MSR091, ISR050, ISR076 and ISR078) and two exotic strains (USDA123 and CB1809), all of which evidenced a distinct reaction with six phages, were employed in this study. The symbiotic interaction of these strains was studied initially using soybean cultivar JS335 in a sand culture in a controlled environment, and the efficiency was assessed based on the nodule number, nodule dry weight, plant dry weight, nitrogenase activity, and total accumulation of N per plant. Symbiotic effectiveness was found to be highest with the native phage-sensitive isolate ASR011, whereas it was at a minimum with the phage-resistant isolates, ISR050 and ISR078. Additionally, the effectiveness of these strains was evaluated using six soybean cultivars belonging to different maturity groups; namely, Brags, Lee, Pusa20, PK416, JS33S and NRC37. Analysis of variance data evidenced significant differences due to both symbionts, for the majority of the tested parameters. The CB1809, USDA123, and ASR011 strains evidenced relatively superior symbiotic effectiveness with soybean cultivars Brags, Lee and JS335. Strain ISR078 evidenced no significant responses with any of the cultivars. The ASR031 strain performed moderately well with all tested cultivars. The symbiotic response of all the strains was quite poor with cultivar PK416. Our studies showed that a significant relationship existed between the phage sensitivity and symbiotic efficiency of the bacterial strains with the host-cultivars.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.799-806
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• 2008

In this paper, a new design for an error correcting code (ECC) is proposed. The design is aimed to build an ECC circuitry with minimal power consumption. The genetic algorithm equipped with the symbiotic mechanism is used to design a power-efficient ECC which provides single-error correction and double-error detection (SEC-DED). We formulate the selection of the parity check matrix into a collection of individual and specialized optimization problems and propose a symbiotic evolution method to search for an ECC with minimal power consumption. Finally, we conduct simulations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.65-77
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• 2003

This paper addresses FMS(Flexible Manufacturing System) loading problems with machine, tool and process flexibilities. When designing FMS planning, it is important to take account of these flexibilities for an efficient utilization of the resources. However, almost all the existing researches do not appropriately consider various flexibilities due to the problem complexity. This paper presents a new evolutionary algorithm to solve the FMS loading problems with machine, tool and process flexibilities. The algorithm is named a multi-level symbiotic evolutionary algorithm. The proposed algorithm is compared with the existing ones in terms of solution quality and convergence speed. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our approach.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.165-172
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• 1996

콩의 공중질소이용도(空中窒素利用度) 향상에 바람직한 우수근류균(優秀根瘤菌) 선발(選拔)의 기초자료를 얻고자 우리나라 토착(土着) B. japonicum 의 혈청형별(血淸型別) 콩 공생효과(共生效果)와 그 유의성(有意性)을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 근류균(根瘤菌)의 근류형성정도(根瘤形成程度)는 USDA 123혈청형(血淸型) 균주(菌株)를 접종한 구에서 가장 높고 다음으로 YCK 150혈청형(血淸型) > YCK 117혈청형(血淸型) > YCK 141혈청형(血淸型) > USDA 110 혈청형(血淸型) 순위의 경향이었는데, 콩 품종별(品種別) 혈청형(血淸型)에 따라서 상이하였다. 2. 콩 건물생산(乾物生産)에 있어서 근류균(根瘤菌) 접종효과(接種效果)는 콩 품종별로 상이하였으나 평균적으로 볼 때, USDA 110혈청형(血淸型)과 YCK 141혈청형(血淸型) 균주(菌株)의 접종구에서 우수하였고 USDA 123 혈청형(血淸型) 균주(菌株)의 접종구(接種區)에서는 저조하였다. 그리고 균주접종(菌株接種)에 따른 건물생산량(乾物生産量)이 가장 높았던 콩은 방사(放射)콩이었다. 3. 혈청형내(血淸型內) 균주(菌株)들의 공생효과(共生效果) 유사성(類似性)(n=20)은 근류수에서 100%, 질소고정력에서 90%, 콩 건물중에서 80% 수준(水準)이었으며, 균주(菌株)의 공생관계(共生關係) 변이분석(變異分析)에서는 또 각 혈청형간(血淸型間), 콩 품종간(品種間)에 근류수와 근류무게, 질소고정력, 콩 건물중 모두 고도(高度)의 유의성(有意性)($$P{\leq_-}0.01$$)을 보였다. 그러므로 B. japonicum 의 면역혈청학적(免疫血淸學的) 특성은 콩의 공중질소이용도(空中窒素利用度) 개선연구(改善硏究)에 이용가치가 높은 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.226-249
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• 2016

The symbiotic organisms search (SOS) algorithm is an effective metaheuristic developed in 2014, which mimics the symbiotic relationship among the living beings, such as mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism, to survive in the ecosystem. In this study, three modified versions of the SOS algorithm are proposed by introducing adaptive benefit factors in the basic SOS algorithm to improve its efficiency. The basic SOS algorithm only considers benefit factors, whereas the proposed variants of the SOS algorithm, consider effective combinations of adaptive benefit factors and benefit factors to study their competence to lay down a good balance between exploration and exploitation of the search space. The proposed algorithms are tested to suit its applications to the engineering structures subjected to dynamic excitation, which may lead to undesirable vibrations. Structure optimization problems become more challenging if the shape and size variables are taken into account along with the frequency. To check the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms, six different planar and space trusses are subjected to experimental analysis. The results obtained using the proposed methods are compared with those obtained using other optimization methods well established in the literature. The results reveal that the adaptive SOS algorithm is more reliable and efficient than the basic SOS algorithm and other state-of-the-art algorithms.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 하드웨어 오류 검출을 위하여 공생 진화(symbiotic evolution)에 기반을 둔 새로운 immunotronic 알고리즘을 제안한다. 면역학(immunology)과 전자공학(Electronics)을 결합한 immunotronic 시스템에서 가장 중요한 점은 포용 조건 (tolerance condition)을 생성하는 방식이다. 여기서 포용 조건 생성은 생체 면역 시스템에서의 항체 생성을 의미한다. 본 논문에서는 생체 면역 시스템에서 매우 중요한 개념인 항체의 다양성 원리(principle of antibody diversity)를 포용 조건 생성에 적용한 후 공생 진화를 통하여 이를 구현한다. 공생 진화는 기존의 유전자 알고리즘(standard genetic algorithm, SGA)에 비해서 더욱 더 생체 면역 시스템이 항체를 생성하는 방식과 유사하며 이러한 방식은 이전의 immunotronic 방식에 비해서 더 향상된 비자기 검출 율을 보여 준다. 이렇게 제안된 알고리즘을 FSM(Finite State Machine)의 가장 전형적인 예인 십진 카운터와 MCNC benchmark FSM에 적용한 후 컴퓨터 모의 실험을 통해 그 성능을 확인한다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.60-66
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• 1990

영남지역(嶺南地域)의 수종(數種) 토양통(土壤統)에서 경작여부(耕作與否)에 따른 토착(土着) 대두근류균(大豆根瘤菌)의 분포특성(分布特性)을 구명(究明)하였다. 이를 위하여, 토양통(土壤統)이 서로 다른 5개(個) 지점(地點)의 경작지(耕作地)와 미경작지(未耕作地) 토양(土壤)의 대두(大豆) 접종효과(接種效果)(Soil inoculum potential)와 토착근류균(土着根瘤菌)의 취락형태적(聚落形態的) 분포특성(分布特性)을 조사(調査)하였는데 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같았다. 1. 영남지역(嶺南地域)에 분포(分布)한 토착(土着) 대두근류균(大豆根瘤菌)의 밀도(密度)는 경작지(耕作地)의 경우 $10^4Cells/g$. soil 이상(以上)이었으나 미경작지(未耕作地)에서는 경미(輕微)하였다. 2. 경작지(耕作地) 토양(土壤)의 대두(大豆) 접종효과(接種效果)(Soil inoculum potential)는 NifTAL의 우수근류근(優秀根瘤菌) 접종제(接種劑) TAL 보다 좋았고, 대두근류균(大豆根瘤菌)의 질소고정(窒素固定) 특성면(特性面)에서 근류(根瘤) 무게가 근류수(根瘤數)를 보상(報償)하였다. 3. 토착(土着) 대두근류균(大豆根瘤菌)의 취락형태별(聚落形態別) 분포(分布)는 경작여부(耕作與否)에 따라 상이(相異)하였는데, "Dry"형(形) 기경지(旣耕地)에서, "Wet"형(形)은 미경작지(未耕作地)에서 각각(各各) 우점경향(優占傾向)을 보였다. 4. 토착(土着) 대두근류균(大豆根瘤菌)의 취락형태별(聚落形態別) 공생효과(共生效果)는 "Dry"형(形)이 "Wet"형(形)보다 좋았다. 따라서 숙전(熟田)에서의 대두생육(大豆生育)은 "Dry"형(形) 토착(土着) 대두근류균(大豆根瘤菌)의 밀도(密度)에 크게 영향(影響)을 받을 것으로 판단(判斷)되었다.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.77-91
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• 2007

In this paper, we present a symbiotic evolutionary algorithm for multi-objective optimization. The goal in multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) is to find a set of well-distributed solutions close to the true Pareto optimal solutions. Most of the existing MOEAs operate one population that consists of individuals representing the entire solution to the problem. The proposed algorithm has a two-leveled structure. The structure is intended to improve the capability of searching diverse and food solutions. At the lower level there exist several populations, each of which represents a partial solution to the entire problem, and at the upper level there is one population whose individuals represent the entire solutions to the problem. The parallel search with partial solutions at the lower level and the Integrated search with entire solutions at the upper level are carried out simultaneously. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with those of the existing algorithms in terms of convergence and diversity. The optimization problems with continuous variables and discrete variables are used as test-bed problems. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.43-53
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• 1987

전보(前報)에 이어 토양별(土壤別) 토착대두근류균(土着大豆根瘤菌)의 분포(分布), 질소고정효율(窒素固定效率) 및 Nitrate reductase 특성(特性)을 비롯하여 동일(同一)한 토양조건(土壤條件)에서 토착대두근류균(土着大豆根瘤菌)과 대두품종별(大豆品種別) 친화성(親和性)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 토착근류균(土着根瘤菌) 중 대두근류(大豆根瘤)를 형성(形成)할 수 있는 토착대두근류균(土着大豆根瘤菌)은 $0.9{\sim}42.4{\times}10^3\;cells/g$ soil 범위(範圍)로서 토양간(土壤間)에 상이(相異)하였고 특(特)히 석회암토양(石灰岩土壤)에서 균밀도(菌密度)가 높았다. 2. 토양별(土壤別) 질소고정효율(窒素固定效率)은 대두연속재배지(大豆連續栽培地) 및 석회암토양(石灰岩土壤)에서 높았으며, 토착근류균수(土着根瘤菌數)가 많았던 토양(土壤)에서 질소고정효율(窒素固定效率)도 많은 경향(傾向)이있다. 3. 대두근류(大豆根瘤)의 bacteroid에서 질소고정효소(窒素固定酵素)와 질산환원효소(窒酸還元酵素)와의 상호관계(相互關係)에서 TNA와 NRA간(間)에는 유의(有意)한 부(負)의 상관관계(相關關係)($r=-0.52^*$)를 보였으나 SNA와 NRA과는 대두근류(大豆根瘤)의 분리원간(分離源間)에 2개군(個群)으로 구분(區分)되었다. 4. 동일(同一)한 토양조건(土壤條件)에서 토착대두근류균(土着大豆根瘤菌)과 대두품종간(大豆品種間) 친화성(親和性)은 품종간(品種間)에 상이(相異)하였으며 질소고정효율(窒素固定效率)이 높았던 품종(品種)은 장엽(長葉) 및 광교(光敎)로 나타났다.