• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국발생생물학회 2003년도 제3회 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
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• pp.110-110
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• 2003

The high incidence of polyspermic fertilization is one of the major causes lowering the overall efficiency of porcine IVF. The common procedure for IVF involves the co-culture of both gametes in the medium drop, which increases sperm concentration and incidence of polyspermy. Therefore, the present study was carried out to increase the efficiency of porcine IVF by reducing polyspermy using a modified swim-up method. This method modifies conventional swim-up washing by placing oocytes directly at the time of washing. Sperm pellet was prepared in the tube and mature oocytes were placed on cell strainer with $70 \mu m$ pore size (Falcon 2350) at the top of the tube. After insemination, the oocytes were stained for examination. Also, the developmental potential of fertilized embryos was measured to evaluate for the feasibility of this method. While having similar penetration rates in both methods ($86.67 \pm 2.36% to 83.33 \pm 1.36%$), there was a significant reduction of polyspermy in modified swim-up method ($17.50 \pm 1.60%$) compare to the control ($44.1 \pm 3.70%$ (p<0.05). Subsequent culture showed higher rate of blastocyst formation in modified swim-up method (20.44$\pm$0.99%) than the control ($15.73 \pm 3.26%$) (P<0.05), even though there was no significant difference. These results suggest that, by controlling the number of spermatozoa reaching the oocytes, porcine oocytes might be protected from polyspermy in vitro. Also, the developmental potential of the fertilized embryos using this method could be improved by increasing the pool of spermatozoa with better quality. Further optimization of the procedure required to implicate this method in routine porcine IVF.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.59-67
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• 1999

To make up the medium for quantitative selection of capacitated-sperm through sucrose layer, the effects of BSA, caffeine, heparin and progesterone on sperm swim-up migration and movement were examined. And the results obtained were as follows; 1. BSA of 4mg/ml in bMSS stimulated sperm migration and movement, and attracted capacitated-sperm. 2. Caffeine of 5mM in bMSS containing 4mg/ml BSA stimulated sperm movement and attracted capacitated-sperm. 3. Heparin of 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in bMAA containing both 4mg/ml BSA and 5mM caffeine stimulated movement and capacitation of sperm. 4. Progesterone of 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml in bMSS containing all 4mg/ml BSA, 5mM caffeine and 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml heparin (BCHP-MSS) attracted capacitated-sperm. 5. Effect of BCHP-MSS on sperm on sperm attraction was not different from effect of 10% follicular fluid solution (FF-MSS) on sperm swim-up separation. In conclusion, bMSS with 4mg/ml BSA, 5mM caffeine, 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml heparin and 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml progesterone(BCHP-MSS) was a optimal condition for selection of capacitated-sperm through sucrose layer.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2015

Objective: Sperm must be properly prepared in in vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer (ET) programs in order to control the fertilization rate and ensure that embryos are of high quality and have appropriate developmental abilities. The objective of this study was to determine the most optimal sperm preparation method for IVF. Methods: Patients less than 40 years of age who participated in a fresh IVF-ET cycle from November 2012 to March 2013 were included in this study. Poor responders with less than three mature oocytes were excluded. Ham's F-10 medium or sperm-washing medium (SWM) was used in combination with the density-gradient centrifugation/swim-up (DGC-SUP) or SUP methods for sperm preparation. A total of 429 fresh IVF-ET cycles were grouped according to the media and methods used for sperm preparation and retrospectively analyzed (DGC-SUP/Ham's F-10, n=82; DGC-SUP/SWM, n=43; SUP/Ham's F-10, n=181; SUP/SWM, n=123). Results: There were no significant differences among these four groups with respect to the mean age of the female partners, duration of infertility, number of previous IVF cycles, and retrieved oocytes. We determined that both the DGC-SUP and SUP methods for sperm preparation from whole semen, using either Ham's F-10 or SWM media, result in comparable clinical outcomes, including fertilization and pregnancy rates. Conclusion: We suggest that both media and both methods for sperm preparation can be used for selecting high-quality sperm for assistive reproductive technology programs.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.301-312
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• 1998

난포액내 함유되어 있는 단백질성분 중에서 sucrose 층으로부터 정자의 swim-up 이동을 자 극하는 성분을 분리하기 위하여 paper chromatography (PC) 및 reverse phase column (RPC) 과 superose column (SC)를 이용한 액체 chromatography의 분리효과를 조사하였던 바 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Chromatography용 paper로 분리한 각 band 의 성분은 첨가농도가 증가할수록 정자의 이동과 운동을 자극하였으며, 특히 band 1 성분은 정자의 이동을 유의하게 증가시켰다. 그러나, 동일 첨가수준에서 bands 성분의 정자 이동과 운동자극효과는 난포액의 효과에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다. 2. $\mu$RPC를 이용 2~5mm 난포로 부터 분리한 성분중 RT3.33, RT7.00, RTl3.87 및 RTl6.6A 성분은 정자의 이동을 자극하였으나, 자극효과는 매우 적었다. 3. $\mu$RPC를 이용 10mm 난포로 부터 분리한 성분은 정자의 이동과 활력을 자극하지 않았다. 4. SC를 이용 2-5mm 난포로 부터 분리한 성분 중 RVI.35 성분과 RV0.82 성분은 정자의 이동과 운동을 유의하게 자극하였다. 결론적으로 난포액내 정자의 이동과 운동을 자극하는 단백질 성분은 superose column을 이용하여 효과적으로 분리할 수 있으며, 분리된 RVI.35 성분과 RV0.82 성분은 정자의 swim-up 분리를 자극하였다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2003

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of oxygen on motor activity and toxicity in male mice. The modified Porsolt forced swim test (FST) was used and the distance and time of movement by mice were analyzed in 15。C water bath for 20 minutes using the automatic Ethovision videotracking system. Analyses were carried out before and after 20 minutes of exposure to 10％-70％ concentration of normobaric oxygen. The effects of inspired oxygen tension on the distance and time of movement showed the similar trends, but changes in distance were more prominent. Both the distance and time of movement increased after exposure to 30％ and 40％ oxygen concentration. The distance and time of movement also increased upon exposure to 50％ and 60％ oxygen. In contrast, increases En movement and time under exposure to 21％ oxygen concentration were suppressed when exposed to over 50％ oxygen concentration. With exposure to 10％ oxygen, there was a significant decrease in the distance of movement and a slight suppression of movement time. During the swim test, 12.5％, 37.5％, and 87.5％ of the mice drowned after exposure to 10％, 60％, and 70％ oxygen concentration, respectively. These results suggest that motor activity can be enhanced by inspired oxygen up to 40％ concentration. When hypoxic and hyperoxic oxygen exposure over 50％, motor activity is reduced and toxicity may be induced.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 1999

Among proteins separated from methanol extract of follicular fluid with superose column, the components inducing sperm swim-up separation through sucrose layer were analysed with superose column in Smart system and SDS-PAGE. And the results obtained were as follows; The fractions of retention volume (RV) 0.83ml and RV 1.36ml separated with superose column should stimulate sperm migration and movement. However, RV 0.83 fraction was consisted of complex materials containing RV 1.36 component. RV 1.36 fraction contained a BSA analogue of 67 kilodaltons (Kd) and showed identical peak pattern with BSA fraction V. In conclusion, the protein of 67 Kd in follicular fluid should stimulate sperm migration and movement.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.57-64
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• 1992

The present study was undertaken to clarify the role of TEST-Yolk Buffer(TYB) as a factor for the improvement of human sperm fertility potential. We examined the effects of low temperature capacitation using TYB on sperm motility (%), motility pattern, normal morphology, true acrosome reaction, sperm penetration assay and human in vitro fertilization. Comparing the TYB method and swim-up method, the sperm motility(%) of selected sperm was not significantly different, but statistically significant differences were found in curvilinear velocity, linearity, lateral head displacement, normal morphology(%) and true acrosome reaction(%)(p<0.05). Results obtained from the sperm penetration assay demonstrated that the penetration index and penetration rate were increased significantly(p<0.05) when the spermatozoa were incubated in TYB, as compared with swim-up method. And fertilization of intact human oocytes was more succesful when spermatozoa were pretreated with TYB at $4^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours as compared with swim-up method. Our results show that TYB method have advantages in terms of enhancement of sperm hyperactivation, increased true acrosome reaction, increased ability to penetrate zona-free hamster ova and augmented fertilization of human oocytes, suggesting that TYB is superior in its ability to preserve sperm motility and fertilizing ability.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2016

Objective: The decision to use in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), or split insemination (IVF-ICSI) in the first cycle is based on the number of motile sperm. Hence, total fertilization failure (TFF) often occurs during IVF cycles, despite normozoospermia. To investigate whether the cumulative motile swim-up spermatozoa percentage at 22 hours post-insemination (MSPPI) is an indicator for ICSI, we analyzed TFF, fertilization, blastocyst development, chemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates. Methods: This prospective study was performed using data obtained from 260 IVF cycles. At 22 hours after insemination, the remaining swim-up spermatozoa were observed and divided into six groups according to MSPPI (<10%, 10% to <30%, 30% to <50%, 50% to <70%, 70% to <90%, and 90% to 100%). Results: Regardless of the ejaculated motile sperm concentration ($0.6-280{\times}10^6/mL$ motile spermatozoa), the incidence of TFF significantly increased when MSPPI was <10%, and the fertilization rate significantly decreased when MSPPI was <30%. We found that cumulative MSPPI correlated with the cumulative fertilization rate (Spearman correlation, 0.508, p<0.001). Regarding embryo development, we observed no significant differences in the rates of blastocyst development, chemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, or live birth among all groups. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that MSPPI is a viable indicator for split IVF-ICSI and ICSI. Taken together, by employing the MSPPI test in advance before IVF, ICSI, or split IVF-ICSI cycles, unnecessary split IVF-ICSI and ICSI may be avoided.

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한불임학회 2003년도 제45차 추계학술대회
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• pp.133-133
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• 2003

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.73-88
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• 2001

Post these safety tips in any swimming area for all swimmers to read. 1. Always swim with companions. Swim only in area well supervised by lifeguards. 2. Never drink alcohol or use drugs when you're swimming or boating. 3. Always check the water depth. Walk in from shore or ease in from the dock or the edge of the pool. 4. Know the limits of your own swimming abilities. If you're a good swimmer, don't tempt nonswimmers or beginner swimmers to try to keep up with you. 5. Keep any eye on younger swimmers at all times. 6. Learn the proper way to dive in the water safely. Follow guidelines for safe diving. 7. Follow the lifeguards instructions and respect their judgment. Never fake an Emergency. Obey all swimming rules.