• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.203-215
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• 2013

PURPOSES : This study deals with first traffic violations occurred by novice drivers, which may be associated with traffic accidents. The objective of this study is to identify what kinds of drivers' characteristics influence on duration till the first traffic violation. METHODS : For the study, Survival Analysis and Cox proportional hazard model, that are usually used in the medical field, were employed. Survival Analysis was conducted to investigate whether there exist differences in survival duration by each covariate, whereas Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify significant factors that affect survival duration till novice drivers violate traffic regulations for the first time after getting a driver license. RESULTS : The results of Survival Analysis indicate that female, age (less than 21), low-frequency examinee of written exam, and non-crash involved drivers have longer duration till the first violation compared to male, greater than 21 years old, high-frequency examinee of written exam, and crash involved drivers, respectively. For the Cox proportional hazard model, license class 1 acquisitor was found to increase the survival duration till the first traffic violation was made, while male, age of 21-24, age of 25-34, age of 45-54, and crash involved drivers were more likely to reduce the survival duration. CONCLUSIONS : Absolutely, traffic violation is closely related to traffic accidents and all of the drivers should keep the traffic regulations to enhance highway safety. The results of this study might provide some insights to construct safe road environments by controlling the factors that reduce the traffic violation duration of novice drivers.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.157-180
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• 2018

This paper empirically analyzes how working conditions of employees and executives affect Korean companies' survival. To this end, a survival analysis based on the accelerated failure time model is conducted from the end of December 2012 to the end of September 2018 on the 2012 year-end financial data for corporations whose common stocks have ever been listed either in the KOSPI market or in the KOSDAQ market with fiscal year ending at the end of December. The analysis shows that the average wage level per employee and the number of executives relative to the number of employees threaten while the average duration of service for female employees prolongs firm survival. Here, the average wage level per employee has turned out to worsen firm survivability regardless of the gender of employees in question while the average duration of service improves firm survivability only in case the employees are female: the average duration of service for male employees or the entire employees has turned out not to have any statistically significant influence on firm survival. The average compensation per executive and the percentage of temporary employees have turned out not to have any statistically significant influence on firm survival while the percentage of female employees has shown statistically significant positive influence on firm survival in some, although not all, models employed in our study. These results are expected to be a good reference in the course of our reaching agreements regarding the improvement of working conditions either between firms and employees or among the members of the entire society.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권sup3호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2016

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world. Its incidence and mortality rates are on the rise in Pakistan. However, epidemiological studies to identify common lung cancer determinants in the Pakistani population have been limited. In this study, data of 440 cases and 323 controls were collected from different hospitals in Peshawar and Islamabad, along with information about socio-demographic factors including age, sex and smoking. Univariate and multi-factorial analyses of socio-demographic factors in association with each other were also performed. Overall survival analysis highlighted that, out of 440 patients in the lung cancer dataset, 204 people were uncensored with a median survival time of 13 months (95% CI=12-18). There were 41 femaleand 399 male patients. Differences were observed between length of survival in the males and females (${\chi}12$ = 6.1; p-value = 0.01). Gender was observed to be significantly related to survival (p-value< 0.01), with better survival in females (hazard ratio=2). Cox regression was extended to adjust for the covariate age (z = 2.5; p-value = 0.02). Survival analysis was also performed on the basis of smoking groups (current smokers, former smokers and never smoked individuals) and smoking duration (smoking duration >10 years, <10 years and never smoked). Smoking duration was significantly associated with survival (p-value < 0.01), with better survival in never smokers in comparison to both smoking for greater or less than 10 years. Strong associations were observed for smoking group with duration greater than 10 years, OR=6.1(3.9-9.5) on univariate and multifactorial analysis OR=11.3(CI=6.8-19.3).

• Journal of Gynecologic Oncology
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.82.1-82.13
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• 2018

Objective: The impact of beta blockers (BBs) on survival outcomes in ovarian cancer was investigated. Methods: By using Korean National Health Insurance Service Data, Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to analyze hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusting for confounding factors. Results: Among 866 eligible patients, 206 (23.8%) were BB users and 660 (76.2%) were non-users. Among the 206 BB users, 151 (73.3%) were non-selective beta blocker (NSBB) users and 105 (51.0%) were selective beta blocker (SBB) users. BB use in patients aged ${\geq}60$ years, longer duration use (${\geq}1$ year), in patients with Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) ${\geq}3$, and in cardiovascular disease including hypertension was associated with better survival outcome. These findings were observed in both NSBB and SBB. When duration of medication was analyzed based on number of days, NSBB (${\geq}180$ days) was associated with improved overall survival (OS) with a relatively shorter period of use compared to SBB (${\geq}720$ days). In multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, longer duration of BB medication (${\geq}1$ year) was an independent favorable prognostic factor for both OS and disease-specific survival in ovarian cancer patients. Conclusion: In our nationwide population-based cohort study, BB use was associated with better survival outcomes in ovarian cancer in cases of long term duration of use, in older patients, and in cardiovascular and/or other underlying disease (CCI ${\geq}3$).

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.151-170
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• 2019

This study conducted an empirical analysis through the Kaplan-Meier method, which is mainly used for clinical experiment analysis, on the survival rate and the survival duration of small and medium-sized enterprises using B2B e-commerce guarantee provided by credit guarantee institutions for activating B2B e-commerce transactions. The variables presented in this study are analyzed by the subdivision of the survival characteristics of enterprises using B2B e-commerce guaranteee by year, enterprises attribute, representative attribute, and guarantee use amount based on the variables tested through previous studies. According to the empirical analysis, SMEs using B2B e-commerce guarantees have a higher survival rate compared to general enterprises Simply by year and have a variety of survival characteristics, and most of the variables have a significant effect except for some variables. The implication of this study is that the researches conducted on enterprises participating in B2B e-commerce for a long period of time to support the establishment of stable business environment of SMEs and the results of empirical analysis on the survival characteristics are useful information to the stakeholders of B2B e-commerce And it can contribute to enhance the survival rate of related enterprises.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.299-311
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• 1995

The studies were investigated in the coma time and the survival time induced by KCN, the duration of breathing after decapitation, the survival time following ligation of both common carotid arteries and the survival time after it is treated for normobaric bypoxia with a nitrogen gas, a carbon dioxide gas or a vaccum in mice. The results were as follows: 1. In histotoxic anoxia, Moschus(0.4mg／kg, p.o) demonstrated a protective effect on coma induced by a sublethal dose of KCN(1.8mg／kg, i.v.) in mice. 2. Mice subjected to a lethal dose of KCN(3.0mg／kg, i.v.) did not die by administration of Moschus. 3. Moschus was significantly extended the duration of breathing after decapitation in mice. 4. Moschus showed a significant extension of survival time in mice following ligation of both common carotid arteries. 5. In the normobaric hypoxia with a nitrogen gas, Moschus showed a significant extension of survival time in mice. 6. In the normobaric hypoxia with a carbon dioxide gas, Moschus showed a significant shortness of survival time in mice. 7. In the normobaric hypoxia with a vaccum, Moschus showed a significant extension of survival time in mice. From the above results, it is suggested that Moschus demonstrated protective effects on the brain damages induced by cerebral anoxia.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.709-719
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• 1996

연구 배경: 비소세포 폐암의 근치적 치료는 수술적 절제에 주로 의존하고 있고 근치적 수술을 받은 환자의 예후는 수술당시의 병기가 중요하며 진행된 병기의 환자일수록 총 생존기간 및 무병생존기간이 현저하게 단축됨이 많은 연구자에 의해 보고되었다. 또한 근치적 수술 후의 재발은 수술부위보다는 원격 전이에 의한 재발이 많으므로 수술 후의 생존율을 향상시키기 위해서는 원격전이에 의한 재발을 억제할 수 있는 효과적인 수술 후 보조요법이 필요하다. 수술 후의 보조요법은 방사선 치료 및 항암제 투여가 있으나 각각의 치료 방법에 따른 생존율의 보고는 연구자에 따라 상이 한 결과를 보이고 있으며 국내 연구보고는 거의 없는 실정이다. 이에 연구자등은 1990년 1월부터 1995년 12월까지 연세대학교 의과대학 부속 세브란스 병원 흉부외과에서 근치적 절제술을 시행받은 282 명의 비소세포 폐암 환자를 대상으로 수술 후 보조요법의 효과 및 예후인자에 대한 분석을 시행하였다. 방법: 후향적 연구였으며 환자의 생존율은 Kaplan-Meier방법으로 분석하였다. 환자생존에 영향을 미치는 예후인자에 대한 분석은 Cox regression model에 의한 단일 및 다중 변수분석에 준하였다. 결과: 대상 환자의 조직학적 유형으로는 편평상피암이 166예(59%), 선암이 86예(30%), 편평상피선암이 11예(3.9%), 미분화 거대세포암이 19예(7.1%)이었다. 병기는 TNM분류에 따라 l기 93명, II기 58명, IIIa기 131명이었다. 수술 후 재발한 환자는 139명이었고 국소 재발이 28예(20.1%), 원격전이가 111예(79.9)이었다. 병기에 따른 5년 생존율은 I기 50.1%, II기 3 1.3%, IIIa기 24.1%였고(p<0.0001) 병기에 따른 중앙 생존 기간은 I기 55개월, II기 27개월, IIIa기 16개월로 나타났다(p<0.0001). IIIa병기의 환자중 수술 후 항암제만을 투여받거나 항암제와 방사선치료를 받은 환자는 81명이었고 이들의 중앙 생존 기간은 19개월이었으며 수술만을 받거나 수술후 방사선 치료만을 받은 환자는 50명이었는데 이들의 중앙 생존 기간은 14개월로서 양군간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(p=0.2982) 또한 IIIa 병기의 환자중 수술만을 받은 환자는 11명이었고 이들의 중앙무병 생존기간은 4개월이었으며 수술후 항암제 투여만을 받은 환자는 21명이었고 이들의 중앙무병 생존기간은 16개월로 양군간에 통계적으로 의미있는 생존기간의 차이를 보였다(P=0.0494) IIIa 병기중 N2기의 환자는 92명으로 5년 생존율은 25%, 중앙 생존 기간은 15개월이었다. 이들 중 수술 후 항암제 투여군은 62명으로 중앙 생존 기간은 18개월이었고 비투여군은 30명으로 이들의 중앙 생존기간은 14개월이었으며 양군간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(p=0.3988). N2기 환자중 수술후 방사선 치료를 받은 환자는 66명으로 이들의 중앙 생존 기간은 16개월이었고 방사선 치료를 받지 않은 환자는 26명으로 이들의 중앙 생존 기간은 14개월이었다. 양군간에 통계적으로 유의한 생존 기간의 차이는 없었다(p=0.6588). Cox Multiple Regression Model을 이용하여 수술 후 환자의 생존율에 영향을 미치는 예후 인자에 대하여 분석한 결과 환자의 연령(p=0.0093)과 병기(p<0.0001)만이 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결론: 비소세포 폐암 환자의 연령과 병기가 유의한 예후 인자이었으며, 보조 요법에 따른 생존율에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 따라서 수술 후 환자의 생존율을 향상시키기 위해서는 더욱 효과적인 보조요법의 개발이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2006

Purpose: The goals of this research are to find out factors influencing the duration of work-related disability and to present implications for policies to prevent delayed recovery. Method: The subjects of this study were 238 workers who had been proved to be industrial disaster victims for occupational low back pain between January 1 2000 and December 31 2003. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the proportion of duration of disability associated with low back pain, and Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to identify factors predicting it. The model distinguished main symptom variables affecting acute(${\leq}90\;days$) and chronic phase of disability (>90 days). Result: Fifty percent of the workers had not recovered in 408 days. The results of Cox regression show that delayed duration of disability was predicted by diagnosis, pain radiation (in chronic phase), sex, the size and labor union of the workplace, scheduled rest, compensation from the company, and operation. Conclusion: Duration of disability associated with compensated low back pain is influenced not only by factors related to the company and compensation system but also by individual factors. Thus, future efforts to reduce duration of disability may need to take into account all these factors.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6899-6903
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• 2013

Background: Prevalence is a statistic of primary interest in public health. In the absence of good follow-up facilities, it is difficult to assess the complete prevalence of cancer for a given registry area. Objective: An attempt was here made to arrive at complete prevalence including limited duration prevalence with respect to selected sites of cancer for India by fitting appropriate models to 1, 3 and 5 years cancer survival data available for selected population-based registries. Materials and Methods: Survival data, available for the registries of Bhopal, Chennai, Karunagappally, and Mumbai was pooled to generate survival for breast, cervix, ovary, lung, stomach and mouth cancers. With the available data on survival for 1, 3 and 5 years, a model was fitted and the survival curve was extended beyond 5 years (up to 35 years) for each of the selected sites. This helped in generation of survival proportions by single year and thereby survival of cancer cases. With the help of survival proportions available year-wise and the incidence, prevalence figures were arrived for selected cancer sites and for selected periods. Results: The prevalence to incidence ratio (PI ratio) stabilized after a certain duration for all the cancer sites showing that from the knowledge of incidence, the prevalence can be calculated. The stabilized P/I ratios for the cancer sites of breast, cervix, ovary, stomach, lung, mouth and for life time was observed to be 4.90, 5.33, 2.75, 1.40, 1.37, 4.04 and 3.42 respectively. Conclusions: The validity of the model approach to calculate prevalence could be demonstrated with the help of survival data of Barshi registry for cervix cancer, available for the period 1988-2006.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권14호
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• pp.5681-5684
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• 2014

Objective: Prevalence is a statistic of primary interest in public health. In the absence of good follow-up facilities, it is often difficult to assess the complete prevalence of cancer for a given registry area. An attempt is made to arrive at the complete prevalence including limited duration prevalence with respect of selected sites of cancer for India by fitting appropriate models to 1, 3 and 5 year cancer survival data available for selected registries of India. Methodology: Cancer survival data, available for the registries of Bhopal, Chennai, Karunagappally, and Mumbai was pooled to generate survival for the selected cancer sites. With the available data on survival for 1, 3 and 5 years, a model was fitted and the survival curve was extended beyond 5 years (up to 30 years) for each of the selected sites. This helped in generation of survival proportions by single year and thereby survival of cancer cases. With the help of estimated survived cases available year wise and the incidence, the prevalence figures were arrived for selected cancer sites and for selected periods. In our previous paper, we have dealt with the cancer sites of breast, cervix, ovary, lung, stomach and mouth (Takiar and Jayant, 2013). Results: The prevalence to incidence ratio (PI ratio) was calculated for 30 years duration for all the selected cancer sites using the model approach showing that from the knowledge of incidence and P/I ratio, the prevalence can be calculated. The validity of the approach was shown in our previous paper (Takiar and Jayant, 2013). The P/I ratios for the cancer sites of lip, tongue, oral cavity, hypopharynx, oesophagus, larynx, nhl, colon, prostate, lymphoid leukemia, myeloid leukemia were observed to be 10.26, 4.15, 5.89, 2.81, 1.87, 5.43, 5.48, 5.24, 4.61, 3.42 and 2.65, respectively. Conclusion: Cancer prevalence can be readily estimated with use of survival and incidence data.