• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.706-709
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• 2003

Chromium (Cr) plays an important role in body composition. Several human and animal studies of Cr supplementation have reported increases in lean body mass, often with concurrent decreases in body fat. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of supplemental Cr as chromium methionine (CrMet) on obesity index, body fat and serum lipids in rats. Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups of nine rats. Rats received a AIN-76 semipetrified basal diet or high fat diet supplemented with 300 ppb CrCl$_3$and CrMet as well as no added dietary Cr (referred to as Control, HF, HFCr, and HFCrMet). After 6 weeks on the respective diets, animals were killed and analyzed for differences in serum lipid concentrations. Rats supplemented with CrMet had a slightly higher naso-anal length and final body weight was decreased. The lowest obesity index and body fat content were found in CrMet supplemented animals (p〈0,05). Supplemental CrMet decreased the total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol. The significant differences observed were total cholesterol concentration for CrMet supplementation. These indicate that supplemental Cr, as chromium methionine, resulted in a significant decrease of obesity index and body fat and influence serum lipid concentrations, possibly by decreasing the body fat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.265-267
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• 1998

Cattle in Alaska seemed to be tolerant to low blood selenium (Se) although arctic winter energy demands might exacerbate oxidative damage to tissues lacking protection by Se. The thermogenic properities of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the long cold adaptation period for Alaskan cattle indicates that they might develop BAT. Eighteen mature beef cows with whole blood Se of< 19 ppb were used to examine possible relation-ships among Se deficiency, tissue lesions, and observable BAT. All cows were wintered on a diet low in Se and nine cows were given supplemental Se provided by intraruminal bolus. Blood Se was elevated (p < .05) from November through February by supplemental Se, but body weight and back fat thickness were unaffected (p < .10). Tissues were taken from two Se deficient cows, two cows supplemented with Se, and two cows given large doses of Se (300 mg by injection) four weeks before slaughter. Histopathological examination of 187 samples of fat (7 to 55 from each cow) showed no observable amount of BAT. Examination of other tissues showed no lesions attributable to Se deficiency.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1137-1143
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• 2013

To evaluate lactation performance and changes in plasma and fecal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations in response to the supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SC), two dairy farms were selected. On each farm, 32 cows in early to mid lactation (21 to 140 DIM) were blocked by parity and days in milk (DIM), and randomly assigned to one of the two treatments within block (Control or 56 g SC/cow/d). Effect of SC on lactation performance (daily) and changes in blood and fecal LPS level were examined on d 0 and 28 of supplementation. The results showed that SC supplementation increased lactation performance of dairy cows on both farms. On Farm 1, milk production, 3.5% fat corrected milk (FCM), and yield of milk fat and protein were greater (p<0.01) for cows supplemented with SC. Supplementation of SC increased percentage milk fat (p = 0.029) from 81 to 110 DIM. There was no significant effect (p>0.05) of SC supplementation on percentage of milk protein, dry matter intake and feed efficiency. On Farm 2, cows supplemented with SC had a greater (p<0.05) milk yield, percentage of milk fat and milk protein, yield of milk fat and protein, 3.5% FCM and feed efficiency. Supplemental SC had no effect on LPS concentrations in feces (p>0.05) while it trended to reduce (p = 0.07 or 0.207) the concentration in plasma. The results indicate that supplemental SC can increase lactation performance of dairy cattle and has potential for reducing plasma LPS concentration.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1110-1120
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• 2024

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of offering (OSF) or not (NSF) supplemental feed at milking on temperament (TS), udder hygiene (UHS) and body condition (BCS) scores, and milk yield per milking (MYM), milk quality traits, and profitability of primiparous Anatolian buffalo cows at 90 days of lactation confined in closed-tied (CB) or semi-open free-stall (OB) barns. Methods: In Experiment I, 108 cows were selected to encompass four treatments (OBOSF, OB-NSF, CB-OSF, and CB-NSF) of 27 cows, considering barn type (OB and CB) and supplementary feed (OSF and NSF) at milking. In Experiment II, 60 OB cows were selected to encompass one of five groups of 12 cows each: i) no supplemental feed (CON), ii) commercial concentrate (CC), iii) CC + corn silage (CCS), iv) CCS + alfalfa hay (CSA), or v) CC + ryegrass silage (CRS) at milking. Results: The TS and UHS of the OB and OSF cows were lower (better) than those of the CB and NSF cows, respectively. The OSF increased milk protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat but decreased milk freezing point and electrical conductivity compared with the NSF. The MYM and milk fat of the OB-OSF cows were higher than those of the OB-NSF and CBNSF cows. The TS and UHS of the cows negatively correlated with MYM and some milk chemicals (fat, protein, and solids-not-fat), but BCS correlated positively. The TS and milk electrical conductivity of the CCS, CSA, and CRS cows were lower than those of the CON and CC cows, but BCS, MYM, and milk fat were higher. Partial budget analysis identified a higher net profit for supplemental feed-offered groups (OB-OSF, CCS, CSA, and CRS). Conclusion: Offering roughage with concentrates at milking for indoor primiparous buffalo cows is more conducive to well-being, milk yield, milk quality, and economy.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.209-214
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different milking systems (AMS, automatic milking system and CMS, conventional milking system) and of supplemental fat feeding on milk composition and milk fat characteristics. The composition, MFG (milk fat globule) size, fatty acids (FAs), and free fatty acids (FFAs) of the milk from 4 AMS and 4 CMS dairy farms were analyzed on the basis of the milking system and feeding of protected fat. The milking system did not affect milk composition, MFG size, and milk FAs, but FFA content of AMS milk were significantly higher than that of CMS milk. Feeding of protected fat resulted in the production of milk much higher in LCFAs (long chain FAs); however, the milk composition was not affected by fat supplementation. Cows administered protected fat supplements produced milk containing MFGs with a large average diameter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1990

Fifteen Landrace pigs were used to determine the effects of supplemental copper or kapok meal, or both on the characteristics of the depot fat. The pigs were allocated into five groups of 3 pigs each. The animals were fed diets as follows: (1) control diet 100%; (2) control diet plus 20 mg/kg copper; (3) control diet plus 200 mg/kg copper; (4) control diet plus 3% kapok meal; (5) control diet plus 200 mg/kg copper and 3% kapok meal. In addition, 100 mg/kg iron and 100 mg/kg zinc were supplemented to all the diets. The pigs were slaughtered at the same time after 8 weeks of feeding period at an average weight of 98.6 kg. The supplementation of 20 or 200 mg/kg dietary copper did not affect the fatty acid compositions, the iodine numbers, the melting points or the copper contents of the inner and outer layers of backfat and the perirenal fat from pigs. Supplementation of kapok meal significantly elevated the melting point, the content of C18:0 and the ratio of C18:0/C18:1 of the porcine fats and decreased the content of C16:1. There was no interaction noted between copper and kapok meal on the porcine fat characteristics. These results indicate that the swine diet supplemented up to 200 mg/kg copper with zinc and iron can be used in growing-finishing swine diets without affecting either porcine fat characteristics or hardening effect of kapok meal on porcine fat.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.100-102
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding betaine on egg production, lipid metabolism and osmoregulation in laying hens. Three hundred and sixty layers were fed corn-soy basal diet containing 16% CP, 2800 kcal/kg ME from 18 to weeks. Hens were provided with betaine 0, 300, 500 or 1200 ppm. Egg production, feed intake, egg weight and feed conversion were examined in every four weeks. Liver and egg betaine. serum cholesterol and neutal fat were measured at the mid experiment. Egg production was not statistically different among treatments from 18 to 26 weeks of age, but significantly increased for the rest of period in hens fed more than 600ppm betaine(P＜0.05). Betaine added treatments showed a tendency to increase feed intake. Feed conversion tended to improve from 26 to 33 weeks old in betaine supplemental groups. Egg qualify was not influenced by dietary supplemental betaine. Betaine supplementation seemed to increase in liver betaine. but not in egg betaine. Serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, abdominal fat content and ileal osmolality were not different. However, liver fat content was prone to decrease in betaine supplemental groups. The result of this experiment suggested that dietary supplemtal betaine can improve the egg production and decrease liver fat content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1407-1413
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• 2019

Objective: This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of different sources and inclusion levels of dietary fat on productive performance and egg quality in laying hens raised under hot environmental conditions. Methods: A total of 480 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 31 wk of age were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 experimental diets. The control diet contained 2,800 kcal/kg nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy with no fat addition. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 2.0% or 4.0% of animal fat (AF) or soybean oil (SO). Energy and nutrient concentrations were consistent among all diets. Diets were fed to hens for 4 weeks. Average daily room temperature and humidity were $26.7^{\circ}C{\pm}1.52^{\circ}C$ and $77.4%{\pm}4.50%$. The heat stress index was approximately 76, indicating that hens were raised under heat stress conditions. Results: Final body weight (BW) was greater (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing 2.0% or 4.0% AF than for those fed the control diet or diets containing 2.0% or 4.0% SO. The BW gain and feed intake were greater (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing additional AF or SO than those fed the control diet. Eggshell thickness was the greatest (p<0.05) for hens fed the control diet, but the least (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing 4.0% SO. Egg yolk color was the greatest (p<0.05) for hens fed the control diet, but the least (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing 4.0% SO. Conclusion: Inclusion of supplemental fat (AF and SO) in diets exhibits preventative effects on BW loss for hens raised under hot environmental conditions when energy and nutrient concentrations in diets were maintained. The effects were greater for AF than for SO. However, inclusion of supplemental fat in diets decreases eggshell thickness and egg yolk yellowness, possibly due to a reduction in Ca absorption and intake of egg yolk colorants.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-25
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• 1999

Concerns about meat quality, including chicken meat, for the human diet has led to many attempts to manipulate the carcass fat and increase the eating quality. For actual eating quality, the birds must be grown and finished in a manner that results in meat that are tender, succulent and of good flavor, as well as being free from any foreign taint, flavor or safety hazard. Tenderization treatment with high voltage(820V) electrical stimulation and prechill muscle tensioning would improve the tenderness of chicken meat. Proper programs for the withdrawal of feed and water require a team approach for maximizing yield of meat and minimizing carcass contamination. Also effding of supplemental levels of-tocopherol to poultry with vegetable or fish oils increases of desirable polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) content and stablizes the meat against rancidity and fish off-flavors. The nutritional effects of varying dietary ingredients on broiler carcass fat content are also important. Increasing the levels of energy in the ration increases the carcass fat content, while increasing the proteing levels decreases carcass fat content. Supplement-tation of poultry diets with amino acids such as methionine, lysine, glycine and tryptophan as well as amino acid such as well as amino acid mixtures can reduce body fat deposition. Normal stress leads to chicken muscular damage resulting in reduced meat quality, but this can be controlled by preslaughter management practices. Feed manufactures can utilize ntilize nutrient modulation to control pale soft exudative(PSE)syndrome. Finally, the success in poultry meat production depends on the consistent achievement of carefully selected levels of quality. Quality assurance should be the wider function of incorporating quality into the production system and the combination of motivating quality into actions and operations.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.49-51
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• 2001

Betaine functions as an osmoregulators in the cells and its inclusion can spare the choline, carcass fat reduction. Thus, two hundred eighty eight of seventy eight weeks old laying hens were fed with 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000 ppm betaine addition during the environmentally high temperature stress. Basal diets contained 16% CP and 2,800 ME. Egg production, feed intake, feed conversion were examined for eight weeks. Egg qualities, liver betaine, blood osmolarity, AntiDiuretic Hormone(ADH) were measured at the end experiment. Egg production of hens fed 500, 2,000 ppm dietary betaine and showed significance between control and 2,000 ppm betaine treatment(P＜0.05). ADH of blood sera tended to increase as dietary supplemental betaine increased. The results of this experiments indicated that dietary supplemental betaine was able to improve the performance, eggshell breaking strength, liver betaine in this experiment.