• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.124-127
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to evaluate the estrogenic activity of Cucurbita pepo seed extract which includes ${\beta}-sitosterol$ and other phytosterols. Sample was extracted from Cucurbita pepo seed by supercritical carbondioxide method and resuspended with ethanol. Estrogenic activity was measured by recombinant yeast assay which detects estrogenic activity using recombinant yeast with high level of estrogenic receptor. However, estrogenic activity of pumpkin seed extract was not found in this study. Based on this data, pumpkin seed extract will not cause estrogenic disturbance.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1107-1110
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• 2004

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of supercritical fluid extract of Kamichungbieum (SFE) on the contraction of isolated rat aorta. The contractile force of rat aorta was measured with force displacement transducer under 1.5g loading tension. The contraction of aorta induced by phenylephrine 0.1 μM was inhibited by SFE. The aorta relaxed by SFE was inhibited by the pretreatment of L-NNA, ODQ or indomethacin, respectively. These results indicate that SFE induce the relaxation of isolated aorta via activation of nitric oxide, cAMP and cyclooxygenase in epithelium cells.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.8836-8843
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the antiproliferative activities of supercritical extracts from phalsak(Citrus hassaku Hort ex Tanaka) and yeagam(Citrus iyo Hort. ex Tanaka) against human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells and the chemical compositions of the extracts. The anticancer properties of supercritical extracts were demonstrated using the MTT assay and Hoechst 33342 staining and the compositional analyses were conducted by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). The peel extracts of both species exhibited similar antiproliferative effect. The antiproliferative activity of the flesh extracts was not detected up to $400{\mu}g/mL$, whereas peel extracts of phalsak and yeagam reduced cell viability with 87.16% and 92.95% at $400{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. There was a dramatic increase of the apoptotic body formation in the cell treated with peel extracts while no apoptotic body formation detected in the cell treated with flesh extracts at 100, $200{\mu}g/mL$. By GC-MS analysis, 27 and 31 kinds of compounds identified in flesh and peel of phalsak, while 27 and 29 kinds of compounds were identified in flesh and peel of yeagam, respectively. 1,1,4,4-Tetramethyl-2-tetralone(20.86%), alloimperatorin(8.15%), limonene(11.23%), and auraptene(7.29%) were major in peel of phalsak, whereas limonene(22.19%), linalool(11.23%), and ${\gamma}$-sitosterol(9.12%) were major in peel of yeagam.

• Clean Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.197-206
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• 2003

We performed removal of aromatic compounds, benzene and toluene, from soil and zeolite using supercritical carbon dioxide. Extraction was performed at $50^{\circ}C$ and 27.7 MPa with changing the extent of pollutant concentration and the results were compared and analyzed. Experiments were carried out using flow method and high pressure extractor of 1.27 cm in diameter and 25cm in length was used. The pollutants were sampled every ten minutes and their concentrations were analyzed with GC/FID. As a result, highly contaminated sample followed solubility/elution model and slightly contaminated sample followed desorption/kinetics model. At the same condition benzene was extracted faster than toluene. In the case of zeolite, more time is required to extract pollutants than soil. This phenomena was due to high adsorption capacity of zeolite. In the case of highly contaminated soil, we could correlate experimental data using simple Brady's fixed bed extractor model. But in the case of slightly contaminated soil, that was governed with desorption/kinetics model, there was some errors.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.992-998
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• 2008

We evaluated proanthocyanidin contents out of total polyphenolic compounds in two pine needle extracts prepared by combined extraction methods and compared their antioxidative activities. Amounts of total polyphenolic compounds of sub-supercritical hotwater precipitate (SSHP) and sub-supercritical hotwater supermatant (SSHS) were 225.4 and 116.6 mg/g, respectively. Amounts of proanthocyanidin of SSHP and SSHS were 9.9 and 3.6 mg/g, respectively. Thus, the ratio of proanthocyanidin contents over total polyphenolic compounds of SSHP and SSHS were 4.3 and 3.9%, respectively. Antioxidative activities ($IC_{50}$) of SSHP and SSHS measured by DPPH radical scavenging were 41.5 and $50.7\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. These results indicates that two combined extracts, SSHP and SSHS showed higher antioxidative activities than extract prepared by hot water or sub-supercritical. In conclusion, extraction procedures for SSHP and SSHS could be useful methods for preparing the effective components of functional food products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.615-621
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• 2009

In order to optimize the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) conditions of volatile components from the strawberry, we conducted an evaluation of the sample preparation and SFE operating conditions. The analysis of the volatile components extracted by a variety of sample preparation protocols led to the identification of 30, 26, 30, and 34 volatile components in fresh, freeze-dried, 30% celite and 70% celite treatments, respectively. The 70% celite treatment was the most effective in extracting the volatile components from strawberry via SFE. Analysis of the volatile components extracted by a variety of SFE operating conditions yielded identifications of 34, 35, 34, and 35 volatile components at 3,000 psi (40, $50^{\circ}C$) and 6,000 psi (40, $50^{\circ}C$), respectively. The extraction yield of alcohols and acids, and the total volatile component contents, were highest under conditions of 3,000 psi and $55^{\circ}C$. Volatile components from the strawberry were extracted via SFE, simultaneous steam distillation and extraction (SDE), and solvent extraction (SE). The analysis of the volatile components extracted via different extraction methods resulted in the identification of 56, 34, and 32 volatile components in the SDE, SFE, and SE extracts, respectively. The total volatile component contents identified in the SDE, SFE, and SE extracts were $20.268{\pm}1.144$, $21.627{\pm}1.215$ and $2.476{\pm}0.177\;mg/kg$, respectively. The SFE extract evidenced higher contents of sweet flavors such as 2-methylbutanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, and hexanoic acid than the SDE and SE extracts. SFE proved to be the most appropriate method for the extraction of fresh volatile components from the strawberry.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.831-840
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• 2013

In this study, an attempt is being made to extract surface-active substances from defatted rapeseed cakes by supercritical carbon dioxide fluid. Independent variables for the extraction process, being formulated by D-optimal design, are pressure (150~350 bar), temperature ($33{\sim}65^{\circ}C$ and co-solvent (ethanol, 50~250 g). The dependent variables of the extraction yield, the content of neutral lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids in the extracts were analyzed upon the results through the response surface methodology. As for the extraction yield, it was found to increase with increasing independent variables, among which the co-solvent proved to be a major influencing parameter. Similar trends were found for the content of surface-active substances (i.e, phospholipids and glycolipids) in the extracts, except for the content of neutral lipids. Regression equations were suggested to coincide well with the results from the experiments. Extraction conditions are being optimized to maximize the extraction yields, the content of phospholipids, and glycolipids were 350 bar (pressure), $65^{\circ}C$ (temperature) and 228.55 g (co-solvent), respectively.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.205-210
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• 2015

In this paper, microalgae lipid extractions were performed using conventional organic solvent and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-$CO_2$) for biodiesel-convertible lipid fractions. The highest levels (58.31%) of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content in the lipid extracted by SC-$CO_2$ was obtained, and 18.0 wt.% crude lipid yield was achieved for Bligh-Dyer method. In the SC-$CO_2$ extraction, methanol as a co-solvent was applied to increase the polarity of extract. The experimental results indicated that crude lipid yield, FAME content and yield extracted by combination of SC-$CO_2$ with methanol were 12.5 wt.%, 56.32% and 7.04 wt.%, respectively, and this method could reduce the extraction time from 2 hour to 30 min when compared to SC-$CO_2$ extraction. Therefore, SC-$CO_2$ extraction is proven to be an environmentally-friendly and an effective method for lipid extraction from microalgae.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1439-1443
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• 2006

This study was performed on the effects of extraction temperature, pressure, time on apparent solubility and extraction yield of perilla oil and tocopherol, and color and fatty acid composition of the residue in supercritical carbon dioxide $(SC-CO_2)$ extraction. Apparent solubility of perilla oil and tocopherol increased with the increase of $CO_2$ density and was found to strongly depend on extraction pressure rather than extraction temperature. The extract yield of tocopherol in $SC-CO_2$ extraction increased with an increase of temperature and decreased with an increase of pressure and extraction time. The perilla oil apparent solubility of dried perilla powder for $60\sim180$ min at $40^{\circ}C/276$ bar increased with an extraction time, on the other hands, tocopherol apparent solubility decreased. As the increase of $CO_2$ density, less redness and yellowness increased. Fatty acid composition of perilla oil showed that perilla oil extracted by $SC-CO_2$ had better unsaturated fatty acid and decreased in saturated fatty acid. $SC-CO_2$ extraction offers a safe natural method for gaining perilla oil from dried perilla seeds powder.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.20 no.1 s.90
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• pp.12-17
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• 2005

Despite a wide range of fatty acids in fish oil, its the usage are very limited owing to off-flavors and volatile compounds in the oil. A way to extract and remove volatile compounds was performed at a semi-flow extractor by using supercritical carbon dioxide $(SC-CO_2)$. Samples of the oil were treated at the conditions which ranged from $30\;to\;80^{\circ}C$ and from 80 to 200 bar with 10 mL/min flow rate of carbon dioxide. In the oil the volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography. Before extraction with $SC-CO_2$ the oil sample was detected over 129 peaks but 99 compounds were identified. The results demonstrated that at $40^{\circ}C$ and 200 bar extraction condition the volatile compounds in the tuna fish oil were removed, except for 14 compounds identified after extraction and other $SC-CO_2$ extraction conditions reached to high reduction of the volatile compounds.