• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was investigated to determine the contents of pesticide residues and sulfur dioxide residues in commercial herbal medicines in Korea. Methods : Chromatographic test was performed on 100 samples consisted with 10 kinds of medicinal plants including improted and domestic products. To establish 19 pesticide residues (DDE, DDD, DDT, Dieldrin, Methoxychlor, BHC isomers, Aldrin, Endosulfan isomers, Endrin, Captan, Procymidone, Chlorpyrifos and Imidacloprid) in commercial herbal medicines, chromatographic equipments were used with the gas chromatography-mass detector and gas chromatography-electron capture detector for qualitative analysis. The imidacloprid analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatograpgy-ultraviolet detector at 270 nm UV wavelength. The contents of sulfur dioxides were analyzed by modified Monnier-Williams method. All methods were based on notification procedure of Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA). Results : The residual pesticides were not founded in improted and domestic samples. Among 100 samples, the residues of sulfur dioxide in 73 samples were not detected and 25 samples showed contents in the range of 0~21.90 mg/kg. The excess samples of MRLs were 2 samples (30 mg/kg to medicinal herbs), Asiasari Radix et Rhizoma (Imported product) and the average amount of sulfur dioxide in 2 unsuitable samples were 14.83 mg/kg. These samples were found to transgress KFDA regulatory guidance of residual sulfur dioxide. Conclusion : These results are able to use as basic data to improve the reliability and value of commercial medicinal herbs.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.100-106
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• 2011

광주지역에서 유통되고 있는 작은 열매차류인 구기자, 산수유, 오미자 113건(국내산 79건, 중국산 34건)에 대해 잔류농약, 중금속, 이산화황 함유량 등 유해물질 잔류 실태를 조사하였다. 열매차류에 대해 잔류농약 200종을 검사한 결과, 구기자 4건에서만 잔류농약 성분이 검출되었으며, 원산지별로는 국내산 1건, 중국산 3건이었다. 검출된 농약은 Azoxystorbin, Chlorpyrifos, EPN, Floxystrobin 이 었고, EPN, Floxystrobin은 현재 기준이 설정되지 않은 실정이며, 유해 중금속인 Pb, Cd, As, Hg의 경우 잔류허용치를 초과한 검체는 없었다. 이산화황의 경우, 전체 113건 중 구기자 4건이 부적합 제품 이였으며, 검출 결과는 국내산 331 mg/kg, 1,045 mg/kg, 중국산에서는 1,760 mg/kg, 2,027mg/kg 이 검출되었고. 세 종류의 열매차류 중 산수유와 오미자에서는 유해성분이 검출되지 않은 반면, 구기자에서는 잔류농약 및 이산화황에서 검출되어 지속적인 모니터링과 그에 따른 적절한 안전관리가 필요할 것이다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2010

광주지역에서 유통되고 있는 한약재 153건 (국내산 89건, 중국산 64건)에 대해 잔류농약, 중금속, 이산화항 함유량 등 유해물질 잔류 실태를 조사하였다. 유통한약재에 대해 잔류농약 200종을 검사한 결과, 구기자, 천궁 등 7건에서 잔류농약 성분이 검출되었으며, 원산지별로는 국내산 5건, 중국산 2건이었다. 이 중 천궁 2건은 endosulfan이 한약재 잔류허용기준치를 초과하여 부적합으로 판정되었으며, 나머지 5건에서 검출된 chlorothalonil등 8종의 농약성분은 현재 기준이 설정되지 않은 상태이다. 중금속인 Pb, As, Hg의 경우 잔류허용치를 초과한 검체는 없었으며, Cd의 경우는 잔류 허용치인 0.3 mg/kg를 초과하여 부적합으로 판정된 검체가 3건으로, 천궁 1건 (0.373 mg/kg), 창출 2건 (0.364, 0.351 mg/kg)이었으며, 3건 모두 중국산 이었다. 이산화황의 경우, 전체 153건 중 구기자 5건, 황기 2건이 부적합 제품이었으며, 이 중 구기자 4건은 1,000 mg/kg이상으로 높게 검출되어 유통되는 한약재의 지속적인 모니터링 및 안전관리 대책이 절실히 요구된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1972

During the period from June 1st 1971 to November 30 th 1971, studies on air pollution were made in Kwangju city. The city was divided into 6 areas; the downtown area, the semi-downtown area, the heavy traffic area, the commercial area, the residential area, the park area, 13 surveying sites were selected each representing the characteristics of the area. The Measurement methods which were used are described below. Sulfur oxides were measured by $PbO_2$ cylinder method, sulfur dioxides ($SO_2$) and carbon monoxide (CO) by the MSA & Kitakwa detector, dustfall by the Deposit gauge method, and the noise levels by the Kanomax soundlevel meter. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The mean value of sulfur oxides in Kwangju city was $1.16mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$, ranging from $0.45mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$ to $3.10mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$. 2. The mean values of sulfur oxides according to its specific area in the city were $1.45mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$ in heavy traffic area, 1.36 in downtown area, 1.23 in semi-downtown area, 1.11 in commercial area, 0.96 in residential area, and 1.07 in park area, respectively. 3. The average concentration of sulfur dioxide was 0.063 ppm from 2 to 5 P.M in Kwangju city. 4. The average concentrations of sulfur dioxides according to its specific area, from 2 to 5 P.M, in the city were 0.084 ppm in heavy traffic area & downtown area, 0.067 in commercial area, 0.053 in semi-downtown area, 0.052 in residential area, and 0.036 in park area. 5. The average concentration of carbon monoxide was 22.3 ppm from 2 to 5 P.M, in Kwangju city. 6. The average concentrations of carbon monoxide according to its specific area, from 2 to 5 P.M, in the city were 27.0 ppm in downtown area, 26.3 in semi-downtown area, 23.0 in heavy traffic area, 21.7 in commercial area, 20.0 in residential arera, and 17.6 in park area. 7. The mean value of dusifall in Kwangju city was $29.28ton/km^2/month$, ranging from $9.85ton/km^2/month$ to $66.34ton/km^2/month$. 8. The mean values of dustfall according to its specific area in the city were $50.37ton/km^2/month$ in semi-downtown area, 42.76 in heavy traffic area, 34.67 in downtown area, 17.77 in commercial area, 14.40 in park area, and 14.76 in residential area. 9. The mean values of the soluble dust in Kwangju city was $10.23ton/Km^2/month$ and that of the insoluble dust was $19.05ton/Km^2/month$. 10. The mean value of noise level in Kwangju city was 62 phon, ranging from 37 phon to 88 phon. 11. The mean values of noise level according to its specific area in the city were 76 phon in heavy traffic area, 67 in semi-downtown area, 64 in downtown area, 59 in commercial area, 52 in part area, and 50 in residential area.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-64
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• 1971

During the period from July 1st to the end of November 1970, a survey on air pollution and noise level was made in Seoul, Pusan and Taegu, the three largest cities in Korea. Each city was divided into 4-6 areas; the industrial area, the semi-industrial area, the commercial area, the residential area, the park area and the downtown area. Thirty eight sites were selected from each area. A. Method of Measurement : Dustfall was measured by the Deposit Gauge Method, sulfur oxides by $PbO_2$ cylinder method, suspended particles by the Digital Dust Indicator, Sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) by the MSA & Kitakawa Detector and the noise levels by Rion Sound Survey meter. B. Results: 1. The mean value of dustfall in 3 cities was $30.42ton/km^2/month$, ranging from 8.69 to 95.44. 2. The mean values of dustfall by city were $33.17ton/km^2/month$ in Seoul, 32.11 in Pusan and 25.97 in Taegu. 3. The mean values of dustfall showed a trend of decreasing order of semi-industrial area, downtown area, industrial area, commercial area, residential area, and park area. 4. The mean value of dustfall in Seoul by area were $52.32ton/km^2/month$ in downtown, 50.54 in semi-industrial area, 40.37 in industrial area, 24,19 in commercial area, 16.25 in park area and 15.39 in residential area in order of concentration. 5. The mean values of dustfall in Pusan by area were $48.27ton/km^2/month$ in semi-industrial area, 36.68 in industrial area 25.31 in commercial area, and 18.19 in residential area. 6. The mean values of dustfall in Taegu by area were $36.46ton/km^2/month$ in downtown area, 33.52 in industrial area, 20.37 in commercial area and 13.55 in residential area. 7. The mean values of sulfur oxides in 3 cities were $1.52mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$, ranging from 0.32 to 4.72. 8. The mean values of sulfur oxides by city were $1.89mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$ in Pusan, 1.64 in Seoul and 1.21 in Taegu. 9. The mean values of sulfur oxides by area in 3 cities were $2.16mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$ in industrial area, 1.69 in semi-industrial area, 1.50 in commercial area, 1.48 in downtown area, 1.32 in residential area and 0.94 in the park area, respectively. 10. The monthly mean values of sulfur oxides contents showed a steady increase from July reaching a peak in November. 11. The mean values of suspended particles was $2.89mg/m^3$, ranging from 1.15 to 5.27. 12. The mean values of suspended particles by city were $3.14mg/m^3$ in Seoul, 2.79 in Taegu and 2.25 in Pusan. 13. The mean values of noise level in 3 cities was 71.3 phon, ranging from 49 to 99 phon. 14. The mean values of noise level by city were 73 phon in Seoul, 72 in Pusan, and 69 in Taegu in that order. 15. The mean values of noise level by area in 3 cities showed a decrease in the order of the downtown area, commercial area, industrial area and semi-industrial area, park area and residential area. 16. The comparison of the noise levels by area in 3 cities indicated that the highest level was detected in the downtown area in Seoul and Taegu and in the industrial area in Pusan. 17. The daily average concentration of sulfur dioxides ($SO_2$) in 3 cities was 0.081 ppm, ranging from 0.004 to 0.196. 18. The daily average concentrations of sulfur dioxides by city were 0.092 ppm in Seoul, 0.089 in Pusan and 0.062 in Taegu in that order. 19. The weekly average concentration of carbon monoxides(CO) was 27.59 ppm. 20. The daily average concentrations of carbon monoxides by city were 33.37 ppm. in Seoul, 25.76 in Pusan and 23.65 in Taegu in that order. 21. The concentration of $SO_2$ and CO reaches a peak from 6 p. m. to 8 p. m. 22. About 3 times probably the daily average concentration of CO could be detected in the downtown area probably due to heavy traffic emission in comparison with that in the industial area. 23. As for daily variation of the concentration of $SO_2$ and CO it was found that the concentration maintains relatively higher value during weekdays in the industrial area and on the first part of the week in the downtown area.

• 청정기술
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2019

여러 국가를 통행하는 다양한 형태의 선박에서 배출되는 황산화물에 의해 지역적인 대기오염이 심화됨에 따라 국제해사기구에서는 황산화물 배출제어지역을 설정하여 규제하고 있다. 이러한 지역적 규제를 만족시키기 위해서는 선박의 연료선택방법과 배가스 후처리 장치가 적용되고 있으나 경제적인 이유로 스크러버를 설치하여 배출되는 황산화물의 양을 저감하는 배가스 후처리 방법이 주로 선호되고 있다. 스크러버는 배출가스 중 황산화물을 액적에 흡수시켜 황산화물의 양을 저감하는 장치로 액적의 크기에 따라 스크러버의 성능이 좌우된다. 이러한 성능을 평가하기 위해서, 본 논문에서는 대향류형 스크러버와 사이클론 스크러버를 설계하고, 전산유체역학을 이용하여 각 액적의 크기에 따른 탈황 효율과 액적이 증발되는 양을 평가하였다. 평가 방법으로 스크러버 내부는 기체와 액체의 2상 유동을 가지기 때문에, Eulerian-Eulerian 해석 기법을 사용하였으며, 액적의 직경이 $100{\mu}m$, $300{\mu}m$, $500{\mu}m$와 $700{\mu}m$일 때 계산을 진행하여 스크러버를 분석하였다. 계산 결과, 2종류의 스크러버 모두 $500{\mu}m$와 $700{\mu}m$일 때 높은 탈황 효율과 낮은 증발량을 나타내었다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.549-557
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 강화되는 황산화물 및 입자상물질의 배출규제를 만족시키기 위한 후처리장치인 스크러버(scrubber)에 대한 수치해석적 연구를 수행하였다. 먼저 수치 해석을 통하여 기존 스크러버의 문제점을 파악하고, 이러한 문제점들을 개선할 수 있는 새로운 형태의 와류형 스크러버를 설계하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 와류형 스크러버에서 배기가스는 하부에서 와류를 형성하고 그 중 일부는 바닥면을 통과하여 가이드 베인을 따라 배출되는데, 이 때 수직 방향의 압력구배는 크지 않으나 배플의 내 외부에는 압력차가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 배기가스 유선의 형태를 확인한 결과, 물이 분사되지 않는 경우에는 물이 분사되는 경우에 비해 가이드 베인을 따라 출구까지 일정하게 유동하였으며, 유동의 형태에 가이드 베인과 노즐의 배열 및 수압 등이 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 와류형 스크러버의 경우 입 출구의 차압이 기존의 스크러버 대비 절반 이하로서 기관의 배압에 미치는 영향이 훨씬 적은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.437-445
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• 2018

국제해사기구(IMO)에서는 해양 환경보호를 위해 황산화물($SO_X$), 질소산화물($NO_X$), 이산화탄소($CO_2$) 등의 선박 배기가스 배출 규제를 강화하고 있으며, 특히 미국, 유럽을 중심으로 배출가스통제구역(Emission Control Area, ECA)을 설정하여 운용하고 있다. 이러한 환경 규제의 대응방법으로서 친환경 고효율 선박에 대한 요구가 커지면서 배출가스를 줄일 수 있는 전기추진시스템 관련 연구 및 기술에 대한 관심이 늘어나고 있다. 컨테이너선과 같은 상선은 경제속도 운항의 이유로 전기추진시스템의 적용대상에서 벗어나 있었으나, 앞으로 배기가스 배출 규제가 강화되고 4차 산업혁명 기술로 대표되는 빅데이터, IoT 기술을 적용한 자동화 시스템이 선박에 적용되기 위해서는 모니터링 및 제어가 쉬운 전기추진시스템이 필요할 것으로 전망된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 6,800TEU 컨테이너 선박을 대상으로 전기추진시스템을 적용하기 위해서 기존 컨테이너 선박의 부하분석을 통해 부하분석 기반의 발전기 및 배터리 용량 설계를 목표로 연구를 진행하였다. 부하분석기반으로 설계된 시스템은 배터리를 이용한 부하분배제어를 통해 발전기가 높은 효율구간에서 운용할 수 있다는 장점이 있다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.1-26
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• 2009

We conclude the following with air pollution data measured from city measurement net administered and managed in Gwangju for the last 7 years from January in 2001 to December in 2007. In addition, some major statistics governed by Gwangju city and data administered by Gwangju as national official statistics obtained by estimating the amount of national air pollutant emission from National Institute of Environmental Research were used. The results are as follows ; 1. The distribution by main managements of air emission factory is the following ; Gwangju City Hall(67.8%) > Gwangsan District Office(13.6%) > Buk District Office(9.8%) > Seo District Office(5.5%) > Nam District Office(3.0%) > Dong District Office(0.3%) and the distribution by districts of air emission factory ; Buk District(32.8%) > Gwangsan District(22.4%) > Seo District(21.8%) > Nam District(14.9%) > Dong District(8.1%). That by types(Year 2004~2007 average) is also following ; Type 5(45.2%) > Type 4(40.7%) > Type 3(8.6%) > Type 2(3.2%) > Type 1(2.2%) and the most of them are small size of factory, Type 4 and 5. 2. The distribution by districts of the number of car registrations is the following ; Buk District(32.8%) > Gwangsan District(22.4%) > Seo District(21.8%) > Nam District(14.9%) > Dong District(8.1%) and the distribution by use of car fuel in 2001 ; Gasoline(56.3%) > Diesel(30.3%) > LPG(13.4%) > etc.(0.2%). In 2007, there was no ranking change ; Gasoline(47.8%) > Diesel(35.6%) > LPG(16.2%) >etc.(0.4%). The number of gasoline cars increased slightly, but that of diesel and LPG cars increased remarkably. 3. The distribution by items of the amount of air pollutant emission in Gwangju is the following; CO(36.7%) > NOx(32.7%) > VOC(26.7%) > SOx(2.3%) > PM-10(1.5%). The amount of CO and NOx, which are generally generated from cars, is very large percentage among them. 4. The distribution by mean of air pollutant emission(SOx, NOx, CO, VOC, PM-10) of each county for 5 years(2001~2005) is the following ; Buk District(31.0%) > Gwangsan District(28.2%) > Seo District(20.4%) > Nam District(12.5%) > Dong District(7.9%). The amount of air pollutant emission in Buk District, which has the most population, car registrations, and air pollutant emission businesses, was the highest. On the other hand, that of air pollutant emission in Dong District, which has the least population, car registrations, and air pollutant emission businesses, was the least. 5. The average rates of SOx for 5 years(2001~2005) in Gwangju is the following ; Non industrial combustion(59.5%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(20.4%) > Road transportation(11.4%) > Non-road transportation(3.8%) > Waste disposal(3.7%) > Production process(1.1%). And the distribution of average amount of SOx emission of each county is shown as Gwangsan District(33.3%) > Buk District(28.0%) > Seo District(19.3%) > Nam District(10.2%) > Dong District(9.1%). 6. The distribution of the amount of NOx emission in Gwangju is shown as Road transportation(59.1%) > Non-road transportation(18.9%) > Non industrial combustion(13.3%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(6.9%) > Waste disposal(1.6%) > Production process(0.1%). And the distribution of the amount of NOx emission from each county is the following ; Buk District(30.7%) > Gwangsan District(28.8%) > Seo District(20.5%) > Nam District(12.2%) > Dong District(7.8%). 7. The distribution of the amount of carbon monoxide emission in Gwangju is shown as Road transportation(82.0%) > Non industrial combustion(10.6%) > Non-road transportation(5.4%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(1.7%) > Waste disposal(0.3%). And the distribution of the amount of carbon monoxide emission from each county is the following ; Buk District(33.0%) > Seo District(22.3%) > Gwangsan District(21.3%) > Nam District(14.3%) > Dong District(9.1%). 8. The distribution of the amount of Volatile Organic Compound emission in Gwangju is shown as Solvent utilization(69.5%) > Road transportation(19.8%) > Energy storage & transport(4.4%) > Non-road transportation(2.8%) > Waste disposal(2.4%) > Non industrial combustion(0.5%) > Production process(0.4%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(0.3%). And the distribution of the amount of Volatile Organic Compound emission from each county is the following ; Gwangsan District(36.8%) > Buk District(28.7%) > Seo District(17.8%) > Nam District(10.4%) > Dong District(6.3%). 9. The distribution of the amount of minute dust emission in Gwangju is shown as Road transportation(76.7%) > Non-road transportation(16.3%) > Non industrial combustion(6.1%) > Combustion in manufacturing industry(0.7%) > Waste disposal(0.2%) > Production process(0.1%). And the distribution of the amount of minute dust emission from each county is the following ; Buk District(32.8%) > Gwangsan District(26.0%) > Seo District(19.5%) > Nam District(13.2%) > Dong District(8.5%). 10. According to the major source of emission of each items, that of oxides of sulfur is Non industrial combustion, heating of residence, business and agriculture and stockbreeding. And that of NOx, carbon monoxide, minute dust is Road transportation, emission of cars and two-wheeled vehicles. Also, that of VOC is Solvent utilization emission facilities due to Solvent utilization. 11. The concentration of sulfurous acid gas has been 0.004ppm since 2001 and there has not been no concentration change year by year. It is considered that the use of sulfurous acid gas is now reaching to the stabilization stage. This is found by the facts that the use of fuel is steadily changing from solid or liquid fuel to low sulfur liquid fuel containing very little amount of sulfur element or gas, so that nearly no change in concentration has been shown regularly. 12. Concerning changes of the concentration of throughout time, the concentration of NO has been shown relatively higher than that of $NO_2$ between 6AM~1PM and the concentration of $NO_2$ higher during the other time. The concentration of NOx(NO, $NO_2$) has been relatively high during weekday evenings. This result shows that there is correlation between the concentration of NOx and car traffics as we can see the Road transportation which accounts for 59.1% among the amount of NOx emission. 13. 49.1~61.2% of PM-10 shows PM-2.5 concerning the relationship between PM-10 and PM-2.5 and PM-2.5 among dust accounts for 45.4%~44.5% of PM-10 during March and April which is the lowest rates. This proves that particles of yellow sand that are bigger than the size $2.5\;{\mu}m$ are sent more than those that are smaller from China. This result shows that particles smaller than $2.5\;{\mu}m$ among dust exist much during July~August and December~January and 76.7% of minute dust is proved to be road transportation in Gwangju.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.273-278
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• 2007

2006년 3월부터 10월까지 광주지역에 소재하는 대형마트, 시장 및 인터넷을 이용한 통신판매 등에서 곡류가공품 111건을 구입하여 일반성분, 식품첨가물, 유해중금속과 위생세균 조사 결과는 다음과 같다. 일반성분 중 수분함량은 $1.7{\sim}12.5%$의 범위를 보였으며, 이중 10% 이상인 것은 8건이였고, 회분함량 범위는 $0.3{\sim}8.6%$이며, 이물은 2건이 검출되었다. 식품첨가물 시험결과 타르색소, 인공감미료, 이산화황은 모두 불검출이었다. 유해중금속 중 카드뮴 검출 함량범위는 최저 불검출에서 최고 0.55 mg/kg로 평균 0.08 mg/kg이였고, 납은 최저 불검출에서 최고 4.52 mg/kg로 평균 0.48 mg/kg이였다. 또한 비소는 최저 불검출에서 최고 0.10 mg/kg로 평균 0.01 mg/kg으로 전체 곡류가공품에 대한 유해중금속함량 수준은 국내외에서 보고된 분석치와 비슷하였다. 위생세균의 오염실태를 검사한 결과 일반세균은 36건(32.4%), 바실러스세레우스는 44건(39.6%), 클로스트리디움퍼프린젠스가 3건(2.7%) 검출되었으나 균량이 적어 식중독 유발가능성은 낮은 것으로 판단되었다.