• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 1993

Substrate removal efficiency of industrial wastewater from dye plant was investigated with fluidized-bed biofilm reactor(FBBR). Wastewater was diluted by 2, 3 and 6 times for experiment. When F/M ratio was increased 0.2 to 0.3, substrate removal efficiency of wastewater was rapidly decreased in all dilution ratio. Substrate removal efficiency was increased with dilution ratio in same F/M ratio, with hydraulic retention time. In case of 6 times diluted wastewater, below 0.2 F/M ratio, removal efficiency of BOD was $90{\sim}97%$. For reactor design, the parameters such as Y, $k_d$ and r was obtained as follows: $Y=0.3365\;k_d=0.03782\;day^{-1}\;r=0.997$ in 2 times diluted $Y=0.3341\;k_d=0.02750\;day^{-1}\;r=0.996$ in 3 times diluted $Y=0.3365\;k_d=0.03434\;day^{-1}\;r=0.998$ in 6 times diluted

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.1523-1526
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• 2009

We present highly polarized light emissions from an OLED on a flexible photonic anisotropic substrate. It was found that the polarization direction of emitted electroluminescent light corresponded to the ordinaryaxis of the photonic anisotropic substrate. Furthermore, it was also found that luminous polarized electroluminescence over 4,500 cd/$m^2$ was produced with high peak efficiency of 6 cd/A and high polarization ratio over 25.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.39-46
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• 1982

A model of substrate removal by rotating discs has been developed for a better understanding of the process, and the performance of the system has been evaluated under steady and unsteady state. The model was constructed based upon mass transfer of the substrate from the bulk solution to the biofilm and a simultaneous removal of the substrate by the biomass. The model is composed of a few sets of differential equations representing mass balance within the elements of a liquid film and a biofilm, and in the bulk solution. Substrate removal efficiency of the process is largely dependent on a diffusion coefficient of the substrate within the biofilm and a maximum rate of substrate removal of the biomass. The efficiency is affected to a greater extent when the substrate concentration is low and the maximum substrate removal rate is high. The efficiency increases proportionally with increasing film depth when the biofilm is shallow, however, the rate of increase gradually decreases with an increase of the film depth. As the film reaches a limiting depth, the efficiency remains constant. Unlike the steady state, the effluent quality is affected by the tank volume under dynamic state. Increasing tank volume decreases peak concentration of the effluent under peak loading. Additional tank volume provides a buffer capacitya.gainst a peak loading and the holding tank behaves like an equalization tank.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.687-694
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• 2006

We report on the fabrication of organic-based flexible displays using an amorphous IZO anode grown at room temperature. The IZO anode films were grown by a conventional DC reactive sputtering on the polycarbonate (PC) substrate at room temperature using a synthesized IZO target in a $Ar/O_2$ ambient. Both x-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution electron microscope (HREM) examination results show that the IZO anode film grown at room temperature Is complete amorphous structure due to low substrate temperature. A sheet resistance of $35.6\Omega/\Box$, average transmittance above 90 % in visible range, and root mean spare roughness of $6\sim10.5\AA$ were obtained even in the IZO anode film grown on PC substrate at room temperature. It is shown that the $Ir(ppy)_3$ doped flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) fabricated on the IZO anode exhibit comparable current-voltage-luminance characteristics as well as external quantum efficiency and power efficiency to OLED fabricated on conventional ITO/Glass substrate. These findings indicate that the IZO anode film grown on PC substrate is a promising anode materials for the fabrication of organic based flexible displays.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1163-1170
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• 2005

The microbial adsorption characteristics of two different media for biological treatment were studied using attached diverse microbes onto activated carbon and ceramic. The results in the experiments of the characteristics of physical adhesion on two different media with addition of high and low concentrated substrate in the culture were observed that the efficient of adhesion onto F-400 activated carbon was higher over that of ceramic due to the surface area of media. The irradiation treatment by ultrasonication with 400 W power and 3 min retention time on the media without addition substrate conditions and subsequent mixing throughly the culture showed the highest efficiency of cell detachment on the media. Three different microbes, P. ovalis, A calcoaceticus, and B. subtillis were used for the study of the characteristics of microbial adhesion on the media. p ovalis showed the highest adhesion capability while B. subtillis showed the lowest capability adhesion onto media either addition of substrate in the culture. The mixed bacterial culture showed $10\%$ lower removal efficiency of DOC in the low concentrated substrate culture compared to the single pure culture. Whileas, it did not show significant difference between two cultures at high concentrated substrate. It was also observed same population density of microorganism by counting of microbes adhered to microbial media with an ultrasound treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.04b
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• pp.85-88
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• 2004

Mono-crystalline silicon(mono-Si) is both abundant in our environment and an excellent material for Si device applications. However, single crystalline silicon solar cell has been considered to be expensive for terrestrial applications. For that reason, the last few years have seen very rapid progress in the research and development activities of layer transfer(LT) processes. Thin film Si layers which can be detached from a reusable mono-Si wafers served as a substrate for epitaxial growth. The epitaxial films have a very high efficiency potential. LT technology is a promising approach to reduce fabrication cost with high efficiency at large scale since expensive Si substrate can be recycled. Low quality Si can be used as a substrate. Therefore, we propose one of the major technologies on fabricating thin film Si substrate using a LT. In this paper, we study the LT method using the electrochemical etching(ECE) and solid edge.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 1998

Thermal sprayed Cu-Ni alloy coating on the carbon steel was carried out impingement erosion-corrosion test and electrochemical corrosion test in the marine environment. The impingement erosion-corrosion behavior and electrochemical corrosion characteristics of substrate(SS400) and thermal sprayed Cu-Ni coating was investigated, and the corrosion control efficiency of Cu-Ni coating to substrate was estimated quantitatively. Main results obtained are as follows : 1) The weight loss rate of Cu-Ni coating layer by the impingement erosion-corrosion compared with substrate was smaller in high specific resistance solution than in low specific resistance solution. 2) The corrosion potential of Cu-Ni coating layer spray coating in the marine environment became more noble than that of substrate. 3) With the lapse of time, corrosion current density of Cu-Ni coating layer became stable, but that of substrate was increased. 4) As the corrosion control efficiency of Cu-Ni coating layer in the marine environment was over 90%, its anti-corrosion characteristics was excellent.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Two different fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates were investigated to find better suitability for CdTe solar cells. Substrate A consisted of FTO (300 nm)/$SiO_2$ (24 nm)/intrinsic $SnO_2$ (30 nm)/borosilicate glass (2.2 mm), and substrate B consisted of FTO (700 nm)/intrinsic $SnO_2$ (30nm)/borosilicate glass (1.8 mm). The overall thickness of the FTO/glass substrates was about 2.5 mm. The total light transmittance of substrate B was much higher than that of substrate A throughout the whole spectral region, even though the thickness of the FTO in substrate B was twice larger than that of the FTO in the substrate A. The short-circuit current greatly increased in substrate B and the external quantum efficiency (EQE) increased over the whole wavelength range. This study shows that the diffuse optical transmittance played a key role in the large EQE value in the blue wavelength region, and the direct transmittance played a key role in the large EQE value in the red wavelength region. The higher transmittance is due to the rough surface generated by the thicker FTO on glass. The conversion efficiency of the CdTe solar cell increased from 12.4 to 15.1% in combination of rough FTO substrate and Cu solution back contact.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.575-576
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• 2006

It was analyzed qualitatively the light extraction in GaN-on-sapphire LEDs based on a simple model. The light extraction efficiency in the LEDs is simulated numerically by using ray tracing method. In the present study, the extraction efficiency was simulated on three different types of LEDs, which a have a different pattered sapphire substrate. And, the role of the patterned sapphire substrate are analyzed and discussed. Based on the analysis, the improvements of extraction efficiency in the LED structures were discussed and these analyses are helpful in the design of high brightness GaN LEDs.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.103-122
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• 1993

A cause and counterplan of the increase in dark decay rate of$\varepsilon$-CuPc/PVCz photoreceptor which is consist of the carrier generation layer (CGL) of$\varepsilon$type copper phthalocyanine ($\varepsilon$-CuPc) thin film by an aqueous coating method and the carrier transport layer (CTL) of polyvinylcarbazol (PVCz) by spin coating, are studied in this paper. Electrochemical deposition of CGL was accompanied by an increase in work function of the aluminium substrate during the processes and the enhanced work function 5.3 eV rose above the ionization potential 5.16 eV of $\varepsilon$-CuPc. This resulted in the increased injection of holes from substrate into CGL and a fast dark decay rate. Improved photoreceptor, an electron-transport $\varepsilon$-CuPc/TNF photoreceptor, led to lowing of dark decay rate and increasing of photosensitivity. The carrier generation efficiency (ηg), carrier injection efficiency (ηi) and xerographic gain (G) of the $\varepsilon$-CuPc/TNF photoreceptor were obtained by XTOF method and PIDC.