• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.333-339
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• 2021

Injection lipolysis or mesotherapy gained popularity for local fat dissolve as an alternative to surgical liposuction. Phosphatidylcholine (PPC) and aminophyl-line (AMPL) are commonly used compounds for mesotherapy, but their efficacy and safety as lipolytic agents have been controversial. Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) is a choline precursor structurally similar to PPC, and thus introduced in aesthetics as an alternative for PPC. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of GPC on adipocytes differentiation and lipolysis and compared those effects with PPC and AMPL using in vitro and in vivo models. Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 was measured by Oil Red O staining. Lipolysis was assessed by measuring the amount of glycerol released in the culture media. To evaluate the lipolytic activity of GPC on a physiological condition, GPC was subcutaneously injected to one side of inguinal fat pads for 3 days. Lipolytic activity of GPC was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining in adipose tissue. GPC significantly suppressed adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 in a concentration-dependent manner (22.3% inhibition at 4 mM of GPC compared to control). Moreover, when lipolysis was assessed by glycerol release in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, 6 mM of GPC stimulated glycerol release by two-fold over control. Subcutaneous injection of GPC into the inguinal fat pad of mice significantly reduced the mass of fat pad and the size of adipocytes of injected site, and these effects of GPC were more prominent over PPC and AMPL. Taken together, these results suggest that GPC is the potential therapeutic agent as a local fat reducer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1648-1656
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• 2023

We have previously observed that feeding with single-cell hemoprotein (heme-SCP) in dogs (1 g/day for 6 days) and broiler chickens (1 ppm for 32 days) increased the proportion of lactic acid bacteria in the gut while reducing their body weights by approximately 1~2%. To define the roles of heme-SCP in modulating body weight and gut microbiota, obese C57BL/6N mice were administered varied heme-SCP concentrations (0, 0.05, and 0.5% heme-SCP in high fat diet) for 28 days. The heme-SCP diet seemed to restrain weight gain till day 14, but the mice gained weight again later, showing no significant differences in weight. However, the heme-SCP-fed mice had stiffer and oilier bodies compared with those of the control mice, which had flabby bodies and dull coats. When mice were dissected at day 10, the obese mice fed with heme-SCP exhibited a reduction in subcutaneous fat with an increase in muscle mass. The effect of heme-SCP on the obesity-associated dyslipidemia tended to be corroborated by the blood parameters (triglyceride, total cholesterol, and C-reactive protein) at day 10, though the correlation was not clear at day 28. Notably, the heme-SCP diet altered gut microbiota, leading to the proliferation of known anti-obesity biomarkers such as Akkermansia, Alistipes, Oscillibacter, Ruminococcus, Roseburia, and Faecalibacterium. This study suggests the potential of heme-SCP as an anti-obesity supplement, which modulates serum biochemistry and gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.512-515
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• 2009

Purpose: Neurofibromatosis(NF) is an autosomal - dominant systemic disease. Up to fifty percent of patients with NF are reported to have concomitant vascular abnormalities. In the resection of a larger NF, the risk of uncontrolled hemorrhage is much higher due to the difficulty of hemostasis of large vessels within the tumor. We ligated the base of the giant NF with a simple loop - shaped ligation before removal of the giant NF in both buttocks. And then we could successfully reduce the amount of hemorrhage during the operation. Methods: A 46 - year - old female patient presented for giant masses of both gluteal area, which has been growing slowly for the last ten years. Each mass was about $30{\times}20cm$ in size. After designing the elliptical resection margin, we tightened the tumor base by using continuous loop - shaped suture ligation(weaving the thread up and down in a loop - shaped pattern, leaving a space of 2 cm between each loop) with a straight needle and prolene 2 - 0. After skin incision, we proceeded the dissection toward the central and inferior side of the mass obliquely while we avoided breaking large vascular sinuses. We resected the tumor in a wedged - shape. Subcutaneous tissue was sutured layer by layer and skin was closed by vertical mattress and interrupted suture. The loop - shaped ligation of the base was removed and compressive dressing was done with gauzes and elastic bandages. Results: Postoperative complications such as infection, hemorrhage, hematoma, and dehiscense did not occur. Perioperatively the patient was sufficiently transfused with five units of blood and two units of fresh frozen plasma. During the subsequent 1 year follow - up, the functional and cosmetic result was excellent. Conclusion: A continuous loop - shaped suture ligation procedure along the base of the giant NF effectively reduced the amount of hemorrhage during the operation, made dissection and ligation of vessels easily and quickly, and shorten the operating time and postoperative recovery time.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1600-1608
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• 2005

The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of exogenous bovine somatotropin on water metabolism in relation to mammary function in early lactation of crossbred Holstein cattle. Ten, 87.5% crossbred Holstein cattle were divided into two groups of 5 animals each. At day 60 of lactation, the control group was given placebo while animals in the experimental group were given recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) by subcutaneous injection with 500 mg of rbST (14-days prolonged-release rbST). In rbSTtreated animals, milk yield increased 19.8%, which coincided with a significant increase in water intake (p<0.01), while DM daily intake was not different when compared to the control animals. Water turnover rate as absolute values significantly increased (p<0.05), while the biological half-life of water did not change in rbST-treated animals. Total body water (TBW) and total body water space (TOH) as absolute values significantly increased (p<0.01) in rbST-treated animals, while it was decreased in the control animals. Absolute values of empty body water (EBW) markedly increased (p<0.05), which was associated with an increase in the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume. Absolute values of plasma volume and blood volume were also significantly increased (p<0.05) in rbST-treated animals. The increase in mammary blood flow in rbST-treated animals was proportionally higher than an increase in milk production. The plasma IGF-1 concentration was significantly increased (p<0.01) in rbST-treated animals when compared with those of control animals during the treatment period. Milk fat concentration increased during rbST treatment, while the concentrations of both protein and lactose in milk were not affected. The present results indicate that rbST exerts its effect on an increase in both TBW and EBW. An increased ECF compartment in rbST-treated animals might partly result from the decrease in fat mass during early lactation. The action of rbST on mammary blood flow might not be mediated solely by the action of IGF-1 for increase in blood flow to mammary gland. An elevation of body fluid during rbST treatment in early lactation may be partly a result of an increase in mammary blood flow in distribution of milk precursors to the gland.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 중년기 여성을 대상으로 비만의 원인을 규명하기 위하여 필요한 다양한 관련요인을 분석함으로서 향후 비만 정책방향에 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. 2014년 4월부터~11월까지 인천지역의 N 병원 건강증진센터를 방문한 건강한 중장년 여성들 중 본 연구의 목적에 동의한 195명의 여성을 대상으로 실시하였으며, 신체계측, 체성분검사, 복부 지방분포는 복부지방단층촬영(Fat-CT)을 이용하였다. 그리고 골밀도는 정량적전산화 단층촬영(Q-CT)을 이용하여 측정하였다. 복부지방단층촬영 결과 '피하지방' 76명(39%), '내장지방'은 119명(61%)이었으며, 체질량지수(BMI)는 '저체중($18.5kg/m^2$)'은 13명(6.7%), '과체중($25kg/m^2$이상)'은 60명(30.8%), 평균값은 $23.5{\pm}4.11kg/m^2$이었다. 그리고 허리둘레, 확장기혈압, 수축기혈압, 중성지방에서 유의수준 5%내에서 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 나이가 들수록 근육감소가 복부비만으로 인한 체중 증가를 상쇄시킨다는 점을 알 수 있었고, 따라서 비만에 대한 차후연구에서는 이러한 특성을 이해해야 한다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.509-519
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• 2013

Through the study on judgment of Body form and settle Energy flow(立形定氣) before diagnose the patients, the results are as follows. The observation of the body form is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ. It is necessary to distinguish Body form loss(形脫) and Body form fullness(形充). Fat man(肥人), Thin man(瘦人), Creamy man(膏人), Muscular man(肉人), Small Fat man(脂人) are discriminated by fat distribution, fat content, and muscle mass. The observation of the body form means the observation of structure disorder, color change, develop part at body, head and face. The observation of the body form that is to determine prosperity and deficiency of each internal organ is from the limited knowledge of the anatomy. The observation of face color is considered by blood perfusion, blood oxygenation and accumulation of carotinoid, bilirubin and change of melanin in the facial skin. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow is considered by symptom combined with growth (<40 years) and aging (>40 years). The prosperity of energy flow includes the anger, anxious emotion and the deficiency of energy flow includes the fear, depressive emotion. The breathing type is expiratory exhalation like asthma patients in the prosperity of energy flow. The deficiency of energy flow is weakness to overcome the disease. The prosperity and the deficiency of energy flow are considered by body metabolic ratios (Basal metabolic Rate: BMR, Resting metabolic rate: RMR, Physical activity ratios: PASs). Development of subcutaneous fat is good in the person of prosperous energy flow. The person of prosperous energy flow is hard to overcome to heat weather than cold weather. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of low blood pressure, insufficiency of blood flow in the peripheral and being shocked. The person of deficiency of energy flow has tendencies of chronic fatigue syndrome or automatic nerve disorder. If the patient who has deficiency of energy flow has severe weight loss should be checked for the presence of disease. The observation of small and large of bone is to check the development and disorder of bone growth and aging. The observation of thickness and weakness of muscle is to check the development of muscle, particularly biceps, gastrocnemius, and rectus abdominal muscle. The observation of thickness and weakness of skin is to check the ability of regulating body temperature by sweating.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.43-57
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• 2010

Objectives : To investigate the effects of electroacupuncture on parameters related to obesity in adults with abdominal obesity. Methods : A three arm randomized single blind pilot study was conducted from Jan 4 to March 25, 2010 in Kyung Hee Oriental Medical Hospital. The subjects were 39 adults with abdominal obesity and were randomly divided by computer generated random table into 3 groups; EA(electroacupuncture), sham EA(sham electroacupuncture) and waitlist groups. Acupuncture points located at abdomen($CV_{12}$, $CV_6$, $ST_{25}$, $SP_{15}$, $SP_{14}$) and extremities($LI_4$, $LI_{11}$, $ST_{36}$, $ST_{44}$) were inserted by disposable stainless steel needles and were stimulated 30 minutes with 24Hz, 0.27~1.3mA(tolerable strength), asymmetric biphasic continuous pulse wave form by STN-111 Stratek device in EA group. Two treatment sessions per week for 5 weeks(10 sessions in total) were done in EA and sham EA groups. The primary outcome measurement was WC(waist circumference), and the secondary outcome measurements included WHR(waist hip ratio), ASF(thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat), and inbody measurements of BW(body weight), BMI(body mass index), BFR(body fat ratio) and VFA(visceral fat area), and also scores of BULIT-R(bulimia test revised), KoQoL(Korean obesity of QoL) and BSQ(body shape questionnaire). Results : All of 39 subjects were included in ITT(intention-to-treat) analysis. There were significant reductions in WC, WHR and ASF after 5-week electroacupuncture treatments and the percentage reductions were significantly greater than sham EA or waitlist group. There were no significant differences between groups in percentage reductions of other parameters(BW, BMI, BFR, VFA, BULIT-R, KoQoL and BSQ). But, there were continuous reductions in BW, BMI, BFR and VFA at 3 weeks after the end of treatment and there was significant reduction in BW compared with the baseline value in EA group. No seriously adverse effects were reported during the period. Conclusions : Electroacupuncture was more effective than sham electroacupuncture or no intervention on the reduction of WC, WHR and ASF in adults with abdominal obesity.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.97-102
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• 1999

다발성대칭성지방종증은 드문 질환이나 그 임상양상이 독특하여 진단이 어렵지는 않으나 증상이 없고 문헌에 잘 소개되지 않아 진단을 하지 못하는 경우가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 또한 다른 대사질환이나 악성종양을 동반하는 경우가 있어서 이에 대한 관심이 필요하며 지방종이 인후나 기관을 누르는 경우 호흡곤란을 유발하기도 하고, 종격동등 심부 조직에 침투하는 경우 예후가 나쁠 수 있다. 국내에서 극히 드문 다발성 대칭성지방종증 1례를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 2013

Quantities as well as distributions of adipose tissue (AT) are significantly related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and can be altered with caloric restriction. This study investigated which cross-sectional slice location of AT is most strongly correlated with changes in CVD risk factors after caloric restriction in obese Korean women. Thirty-three obese pre-menopausal Korean women ($32.4{\pm}8.5$ yrs, BMI $27.1{\pm}2.3\;kg/m^2$) participated in a 12 weeks caloric restriction program. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were measured using computed tomography (CT) scans at the sites of L2-L3, L3-L4, and L4-L5. Fasting serum levels of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), leptin and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were observed. Pearson's partial correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between AT measurement sites and changes in CVD risk factors after calorie restriction. When calories were reduced by 350 kcal/day for 12 weeks, body weight (-2.7%), body fat mass (-8.2%), and waist circumference (-5.8%) all decreased (P < 0.05). In addition, following caloric restriction, serum levels of glucose (-4.6%), TC (-6.2%), LDL-C (-5.3%), leptin (-17.6%) and HOMA-IR (-18.2%) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as well. Changes in VAT at the level of L3-L4 were significantly greater than those at other abdominal sites, and these changes were correlated with changes in TC (P < 0.05), LDL-C (P < 0.001), SBP (P < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (P < 0.01). These results show that VAT at L3-L4 had a stronger correlation with CVD risk factors than with other AT measurement sites after caloric restriction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권7호
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• pp.630-638
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• 2007

This study was performed to examine the combined effects of L-carnitine and isoflavone supplementation on weight reduction and body fat distribution in overweight women. Overweight/obese women (body mass index > $23kg/m^2$) who were not diagnosed any type of diseases were included in this study and sixty subjects ($41.1{\pm}1.5$ years, $25.9{\pm}0.3kg/m^2)$ were randomly assigned to a placebo (n=30) or a supplement group (n=30, L-carnitine 300 mg+isoflavone 40 mg/day). We measured anthropometric parameters, abdominal fat distribution by computerizd tomography and blood components before and after the 12 week intervention period. After the 12 weeks of supplementation, subjects in L-carnitine and isoflavone supplement group showed a significant reduction of body weight (p < 0.001), body fat % (p < 0.05), and waist to hip ratio (p < 0.01) whereas placebo group did not show any changes. In a CT-scanned results, total fat area at L4 level was significantly reduced by 8.1% (p < 0.01) with the reduction of visceral fat area (-11.1%, p < 0.001) and subcutaneous fat area (-7.0%, p < 0.05) in the supplement group. The supplementation of L-carnitine and isoflavone showed the significant improvement of HDL-C (p < 0.01) and apoB (p < 0.05) concentrations, however, change values in those markers were not significant compared with those of the placebo group. In addition, a significant increase of adiponectin level (p<0.001) was observed in the supplement group after the intervention. The result of present study demonstrated that supplementation of 300 mg L-carnitine and 40 mg isoflavone per day fur 12 weeks can give beneficial effects on weight reduction and visceral fat accumulation. These potential antiobesity supplement can produce more favorable effects when combined with lifestyle modification.