• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2003

Structured lipid (SL) produced from soybean oil was enriched with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The SL had 21.9 mol % CLA isomers incorporated into SL-soybean after the 24-h reaction. Removal of tocopherols (73～84% loss from original soybean oil) was observed in the SL. Electronic nose can discriminate the aroma of SL-soybean from that of soybean oil. Many oxidative volatiles including pentenal, octenal, 2,4-decandienal, and nonenal were found in SL-soybean. Electronic nose, which is valuable for composite aroma analysis, can provide flavor information together with GC-MS that is useful for qualitative or quantitative analysis of each odor compound in SL.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 2009

Acidolysis of olive oil with omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was carried out to produce a structured lipid. Novozym $435^{(R)}$ from Candida antarctica was used as the biocatalyst. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine optimum conditions for lipase-catalyzed enrichment of olive oil. Three factors, 5 levels, central composite design was used. The effects of incubation time, temperature, and substrate mole ratio on incorporation ratio (n-3 fatty acids/total fatty acids, %) were investigated. From the evaluation of response surface graphs, the optimal conditions for incorporation of long chain n-3 PUFAs into olive oil were $40-60^{\circ}C$ for temperature, 30-45 hr for reaction time, and 3:1-5:1 (n-3 fatty acids/olive oil) for substrate mole ratio. Experiments conducted under optimized conditions predicted by the model equation obtained from RSM yielded structured lipids with 50.8% n-3 PUFAs. This value agreed well with that predicted by the model. Oxidative stability tests showed that the product was more susceptible to oxidation than unmodified olive oil. Antioxidant addition improved the oxidative stability of the product.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.709-712
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• 2005

Structured lipid (SL) was synthesized by enzymatic interesterification of algae oil and corn oil in stirred tank batch reactor, The reaction, performed for 15hr at $65^{\circ}C$, was catalyzed by sn-1,3-specific lipase RM IM from Rhizonucor miehei without organic solvent. DHA, oleic acid, and linoleic acid contents of SL were 14.9, 17.3, and 31.8 mol%, respectively. ${\alpha}-,\;{\gamma}-,\;and\;{\delta}-tocopherol$ contents and physiochemical property of SL were evaluated. During 15 hr reaction, most reaction occurred within 6 hr, and highest relative production rate was observed between 3 to 6 hr.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.574-577
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• 2009

To reduce the content of undesirable erucic acid in mustard oil (MO), it was enzymatically modified with capric acid using immobilized lipase TL IM to produce structured lipid (SL). After reaction, the content of erucic acid was reduced up to 21.7% under the performed reactions in this study. Meanwhile, unsaturated fatty acids existing at sn-2 position (oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid) in MO were not much changed.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.138-143
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• 2004

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to have a range of biological activities, including anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-adipogenic and anti-diabetogenic effects. Recent reports also showed that CLA has free radical scavenging capacity, which may have health benefits for human beings. The current study was performed to investigate the effect of structured lipid (SL)-containing CLA on plasma lipids and hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity. Sprague-Dawley mts were fed 5% and 10% SL-containing normal diet for 6 wks and these groups were compared to rats fed 5% and 10% corn oil. In plasma lipids, total-cholesterol was not affected by fat source or dietary fat level while triglyceride level decreased significantly in groups fed 10% fat diet compared to the other groups. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level decreased significantly in the S5 and S10 groups compared to the C5 and C10 groups, although hepatic TBARS level was not altered by fat source. On the other hand, in terms of hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity, superoxide dismutase activity increased in the S10 group, whereas catalase activity decreased in the S10 group. Glutathione peroxidase activity decreased significantly in the SL groups compared to the C5 group. Glutathione reductase activity increased and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity decreased in the C10 group compared to the C5 and C5 groups. In conclusion, the free radical scavenging activity of CLA seemed to suppress oxidative stress, which reduced lipid peroxidation resulting in lower hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.537-541
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• 2004

Based on reaction time and substrate molar ratio, structured lipid (SL-corn) was produced at 1:2:2(corn oil/capric acid/CLA) and 4% immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (RM IM). Reaction was carried out for 24 hr at $55^{\circ}C$ in 1-L stirred-batch reactor. After reaction, 13.3 mol% capric acid and 8.9%, CLA were incorporated into corn oil. Iodine and saponification values of SL-corn were 68 and 202, respectively. Tocopherol content decreased after reaction (about 39%). SL-corn showed more yellowish color than corn oil (p<0.05). Reversed-phase HPLC indicated triacylglycerol species containing capric acid in SL-corn resulted in faster crystallization than that of corn oil.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.373-378
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• 2010

In order to develop a topical preparation which has a high occlusive property with skin moisturization, nano-structured lipid carrier (NLC) systems along with solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) were designed. Various NLC dispersions were successfully formulated with Compritol 888 ATO as a solid lipid, Labrafil M 1944 CS as an oil, and Tween 80 as a surfactant. The increase of oil content (5 to 50%) led to the decrease in the occlusion factor in the order of SLN > NLC-5 > NLC-15 = NLC-30 > NLC-50. Particle size of lipid particulates was in the range of 100 to 160 nm. NLC-based carbogels were prepared by the employment of humectants such as urea, glycerin, and Tinocare GL to carbomer gel. NLC-30 gel formulations containing 4 or 8 % of lipid particles showed improved occlusive effect in vitro, compared to NLC-free gel base. Even though NLC-free gel base revealed comparable occlusion effect by itself, the occlusion factor of 4 % NLC-30 gel was about 2-fold higher than that of NLC-free gel base.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2013

This study was conducted to prove the effect of irradiation on lipases (lipase AK, lipase AH, lipase PS-D, Lipozyme TLIM, Lipozyme RMIM and Novozyme SP435) which were used for interesterification reaction using batch type reactor. Through such interesterification, structured lipid (1(3)-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3(1)-stearoyl, POS) was synthesized by lipase treated with irradiation at different doses (0, 3, 7, 14, 29 and 59 kGy) using canola oil, palmitic ethyl ester (PEE) and stearic ethyl ester (StEE). After the reaction, fatty acid composition of triacylglycerol (TAG) in structured lipid was analyzed to compare the lipase activity. The results showed that activity of the irradiated lipase AH, PS-D and Novozyme SP435 with certain dose (3 kGy) were slightly improved. Such change of lipase activity suggested that irradiation might affect on the interesterification properties. Especially, Lipase AK, Lipozyme TLIM and Lipozyme RMIM after at 3 kGy irradiation showed that content of stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$) was increased while palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$) decreased in the interesterified products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1175-1179
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• 2004

Structured lipid (SL) was produced from soybean oil with molar ratio of 1：2：2 (soybean oil：capric acid：CLA) using Chirazyme L-2 lipase (4％ by weight of total substrates). The reaction was conducted for 24 hr at 55$^{\circ}C$ in a 1 L stirred-batch type reactor. SL-soybean oil contained 4.9 mol％ capric acid and 4.1 mol％ CLA, respectively. Iodine value of SL-soybean oil was reduced than that of soybean oil due to the incorporated capric acids. Tocopherol content in SL-soybean oil was 18.2 mg/l00 g. SL-soybean oil appeared more yellowish color than soybean oil. Reverse-phase HPLC showed that SL-triacylglycerol species containing capric acid consisted of about 12.6 area％.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.5185-5188
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• 2016

Objective: Targeted-drug-delivery based lipid nanoparticles has emerged as a new and effective approach in cancer chemotherapy. Here, we investigated the ability of folate-modified nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to enhance letrozol (LTZ) efficacy in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Methods: New formulations were evaluated regarding to particle size and scanning electron microscope (SEM) features. Anti-proliferative effects of LTZ loaded nanoparticles were examined by MTT assay. To understand molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and cell cycle progression, flow cytometric assays were applied. Results: Optimum size of nanoparticles was obtained in mean average of $98{\pm}7nm$ with a poly dispersity index (PDI) of 0.165. The IC50 value was achieved for LTZ was $2.2{\pm}0.2{\mu}M$. Folate-NLC-LTZ increased the percentage of apoptotic cells from 24.6% to 42.2% compared LTZ alone (p<0.05). Furthermore, LTZ loaded folate targeted NLCs caused marked accumulation of cells in the subG1 phase. Conclusion: Taken together, our results concluded that folate targeted LTZ can be considered as potential delivery system which may overcome limitations of clinical application of LTZ and improve drug efficacy in tumor tissue.