• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.567-579
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• 2017

본 연구는 신체활동 대학생들의 시간관이 여가제약, 여가몰입에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 연구의 목적이 있으며 2017년 5월 1일부터 6월 30일까지 설문지를 이용하여 D시와 C시의 대학생 총 295명을 대상으로 집락무선표집법(stratified clusterrandom sampling)을 이용하여 표본을 추출하였다. 연구문제를 해결하기 위해 SPSS Ver20.0통계 프로그램을 이용하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 여가제약에서는 여성이 여가몰입에서는 남성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 학년별은 시간관의 과거부정과 여가제약의 개인적 제약에서 1학년이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 전공계열에서는 자연계열, 인문계열은 과거부정과 여가제약이 높고 서비스계열은 현재쾌락과 여가몰입의 자기목적적 경험에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 신체활동유형에서는 시간관의 과거부정, 현재숙명, 여가제약은 율동형이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 여가몰입은 경쟁형이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 신체활동 대학생의 시간관에 따른 여가제약은 부적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 여가몰입은 전체적으로 과거긍정, 현재쾌락에서 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.699-708
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• 1997

3차원 추계학적 방법을 사용하여 성층화된 흙에서 유효 비포화투수계수를 유도하였다. 성층화된 흙의 상관길이는 차이가 있기 때문에 추계학식이 단순화되면서 유효 비포화투수계수에 대한 일반식을 해석적으로 유도할 수 있게 된다. 또한 평균흐름이 특정한 범위(습윤전선, 젖음과정, 마름과정)에서 유효한 단순화된 점근식을 유도하였다. 예증으로 이론적인 결과를 가상 점토에 적용하였다. 그 결과 유효 비포화투수계수는 거시적인 이력현상을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 거시적인 이력현상이란 미시적인 미력현상이라기 보다는 오히려 흙의 공간적인 변동으로 인하여 발생하는 것이다. 또한 유효 비포와투수계수는 흙의 비균질성을 무시한 경우보다 비균질성을 고려한 경우에서 크게 나타났다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.660-667
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• 2008

During the last two decades, lots of efforts have been devoted to resolve thermal stratification phenomenon and primary water environment issues. While several effective methods were proposed especially in related to thermally stratified flow analyses and corrosive material resistance experiments, however, lack of details on specific stress and fatigue evaluation make it difficult to quantify structural behaviors. In the present work, effects of the thermal stratification and primary water are numerically examined from a structural integrity point of view. First, a representative austenitic nuclear piping is selected and its stress components at critical locations are calculated in use of four stratified temperature inputs and eight transient conditions. Subsequently, both metal and environmental fatigue usage factors of the piping are determined by manipulating the stress components in accordance with NUREG/CR-5704 as well as ASME B&PV Codes. Key findings from the fatigue evaluation with applicability of pipe and three-dimensional solid finite elements are fully discussed and a recommendation for realistic evaluation is suggested.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2001

The natural convection heat transfer and solidification in a stratified pool are studied. The flow and heat transfer characteristics in a heat generating pool are compared between single-layered and double-layered pools. And local Nusselt number distributions on outer walls are obtained to consider thermal loads on a vessel wall. The cooling and solidification of Al₂O₃/Fe melt in a hemispherical vessel are simulated to study the mechanism of heat transfer and temperature distribution. A unstructured mesh is chosen for this study because of the non-orthogonality originated from the boundaries of double-layered pool. Interface between the layers is modeled to be fixed. With this assumption mass flux across the interface is neglected, but shear force and heat flux are considered by boundary conditions. The colocated cell-centered finite volume method is used with the Rhie-Chow interpolation to compute cell face velocity. To prevent non-physical solutions near walls in case body force is large the wall pressure is extrapolated by the way to include body force. The numerical solutions calculated by current method show that averaged downward heat flux of the double-layered pool increases compared to single-layered pool and maximum temperature occurs right below the interface of the layers.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2007

The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of velocity and vorticity on stratified mixture formation in the visualization engine. In order to investigate spray behavior, the pray velocity is obtained through the cross-correlation PIV method, a useful optical diagnostics technology and the vorticity calculated from the spray velocity component. These results elucidated the relationship between vorticity and entropy, which play an important role in the diffusion process for the early injection case and the stratification process for the late injection case. In addition, we quantified the homogeneous diffusion ate of spray using entropy analysis based on Boltzmann's statistical thermodynamics. Using these methods, we discovered that the homogeneous mixture distribution is more effective as a momentum dissipation of surrounding air than that of the spray concentration with a change in the injection timing. We found that the homogenous diffusion rate increased as the injection timing moved to the early intake stroke process, and BTDC $60^{\circ}$ was the most efficient injection timing for the stratified mixture formation during the compression stroke.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.236-244
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• 2019

Internal waves occur at the interface between two layers caused by a seawater density difference. The internal waves generated by a body moving in a two-layer fluid are also related to the generation of surface waves because of their interaction. In these complex flow phenomena, the experimental measurements and experimental set-up for the wave patterns of the internal waves and surface waves are very difficult to perform in a laboratory. Therefore, studies have mainly been carried out using numerical analysis. However, model tests are needed to evaluate the accuracy of numerical models. In this study, the various experimental conditions were evaluated using CFD simulations before experiments to measure the wave patterns of the internal waves and surface waves in a stratified two-layer fluid. The numerical simulation conditions included variations in the densities of the fluids, depth of the two-layer fluid, and moving speed of the underwater body.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.413-424
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• 2011

The study was aimed to evaluate the applicability of a three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic and water quality model, ELCOM-CAEDYM for Yongdam Reservoir, Korea. The model was applied for the simulations of hydrodynamics, thermal stratification processes, stream density flow propagation, and water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, nutrients, organic materials, and algal biomass (chl-a) for the period of June to December, 2006. The field data observed at four monitoring stations (ST1~ST4) within the reservoir were used to validate the models performance. The model showed reasonable performance nevertheless low frequency boundary forcing data were provided, and well replicated the physical, chemical, and biological processes of the system. Simulated spatial and temporal variations of water temperature, nutrients, and chl-a concentrations were moderately consistent with the field observations. In particular, the model rationally reproduced the succession of different algal species; i.e., diatom dominant during spring and early summer, after then cyanobacteria dominant under warm and stratified conditions. ELCOM-CAEDYM is recommendable as a suitable coupled 3D hydrodynamic and water quality model that can be effectively used for the advanced water quality management of large stratified reservoirs in Korea.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.1821-1829
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• 2023

The temperature distribution of the reactor pool under natural circulation induced by the RVACS operation was experimentally studied. According to the Bo' based similarity law, which could reproduce the temperature distribution of the working fluid under natural circulation, SINCRO-2D facility was designed based on the PGSFR. It was reduced to 1 : 25 in length scale, having water as a simulant of the sodium, which is the original working fluid. In general, temperature was stratified, however, effect of the natural circulation flow could be observed by the entrainment of the stratified temperature. Relative cooling contribution of the upper plenum (narrow gap) and lower plenum was approximately 0.2 and 0.8, respectively. In the range of decay heat from 0.2% to 1.0%, only the magnitude of the temperature was changed, while the normalized temperature maintained. Boundary temperature distribution change made a global temperature offset of the pool, without a significant local change. Therefore, the decay heat and cooling boundary condition had no significant effect on temperature distribution characteristics of the pool within the given range of the decay heat and boundary temperature distribution.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.184-195
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• 1995

A theoretical one-dimensional model for the charging process in stratified thermal storage tanks is established presuming that the fluid ensuing from the tank inlet creates a perfectly mixed, layer above the thermocline. Both the generic and asymptotic closed-form solutions are obtained via the Laplace transformation. The asymptotic solution describes the nature of the charging pertaining to the case of no thermal diffusion, whereas the generic solution is of practical importance to understand the role of operating parameters on the stratification. The present model is validated through comparison with available experimental data, where they agree well with each other within a reasonable limit. An interpretation of the exact solution entails two important features associated with the charging process. The first is that an in-crease in the mixing depth $h_m$ causes a relatively slow temperature rise in the perfectly mixed region, but on the other hand it results in a faster decay of the overall temperature gradient across the thermocline. Next is the predominance of the mixing depth in the presence of the prefectly mixed region. In such a case the effect of the Peclet number is marginal and there-fore the thermal characteristics are solely dependent on the mixing depth paticularly for large $h_m$. The Peclet number affects significantly only for the case without mixing. Variation of the storage efficiency in response to the change in the mass flow rate agrees favorably with the published experimental results, which confirms the utility of the present study.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2013

The temporal and spatial variations of water quality in a stratified reservoir are fully dependent on the characteristics of inflow loading from its watershed and the transport regimes of pollutants after entering the reservoir. Because of the meteorological and hydrological conditions in Korea, the pollutants loading to reservoirs are mostly occur during rainfall events. Therefore it is important to understand the characteristics of pollutants loading from upstream rivers and their spatial propagation through the stratified reservoir during the rainfall events. The objectives of this study were to characterize the water quality variations in upstream rivers of Imha Reservoir during a rainfall event, and the transport and spatial variations of pollutants in the reservoir through extensive field monitoring and laboratory analysis. The results showed that the event mean concentration (EMC) of SS, BOD, $COD_{Mn}$, T-N, T-P, $PO_4-P$ are 8.6 ~ 362.1, 2.5 ~ 5.1, 1.5 ~ 5.1, 1.1 ~ 1.9, 8.3 ~ 57.1, 5.6 ~ 25.7 times greater than the mean concentrations of these parameters during non-rainfall period. The turbidity and SS data showed good linear correlations, but the relationships between flow and SS showed large variations because of hysteresis effect during rising and falling periods of the flood. The ratio of POC to TOC were 12.6 ~ 14.7% during the non-rainfall periods, but increased up to 28.2 ~ 41.7% during the flood event. The turbid flood flow formed underflow and interflow after entering the reservoir, and delivered a great amount of non-point pollutants such as labile and refractory organic matters and nutrients to the metalimnion layer of reservoir, which is just above the thermocline. Spatially, the lateral variations of most water quality parameters were marginal but the vertical variations were significant.