• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.15-15
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• 1976

In analyzing the operational characteristics of a rice whitening machine, the internal radial pressure of the machine was measured using strain gage equipment. Changes in cylinder and feed screw configurations, screen type, cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels were examined to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of milled rice and the performance of the machine. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The internal radial pressure in the whitening chamber varied with the surface condition of the grain being processed. During the first or second pass through the machine, pressure was relatively low, reached a maximum after two to three passes with combinations I and II, three to six with combination III and then began to fall. 2. The pitch of the feed screw and the size of the feed gate opening which determine the rate of entry of grain into the whitening chamber, appeared to be the most important factor aff-::cting the degree of radial pressure, quality and quantity of milled rice and the efficiency of the machine. Using a feed screw with a wide pitch (4.8cm), radial pressure was relatively high and head rice recovery ratio \vere quite low. In this case capacity and machine effic?iency were much higher than obtained when using a feed screw with a narrow pitch (2.3cm). Very significant responses in radial pressure, head rice recovery rates and machine capacity were observed with changes in cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels when using the wide pitch feed screw. 3. The characteristics of the screen which surrounds the whitening chamber had an important effect on whitening efficiency. The existence of small protuberances on the original screen resulted in significant increases in both machine capacity and efficiency but without a significant decrease in head rice recovery or development of excessive radial pressure. Further work is required to determine the effects of screen surface conditions and the shape of the cylinderical steel roller on the rate of bran removal, machine efficiency and recovery rates. The size of the slotted perforations 0:1 the screen affects total milled rice recovery. The opening size on the original screen was fabricated to accommodate the round shape of Japonica rice varieties but was not suitable for the more slender Indica type. Milling Indica varieties with this screen resulted in a reduction in total milled rice recovery. 4. An increase in cylinder speed from 380 to 820 rpm produced a positive effect on head rice recovery for all machine combinations at every level of counter-pressure used in the tests. Head rice recovery was considerably lower at 380rpm using a wide screw pitch when compared to the results obtained at speeds from 600 to 820 r.p.m. The effects of cylinder speed On radial pressure, capacity and machine efficiency showed contrasting results, depending on the width of the feed screw pitch. With a narrow feed screw pitch (2.3cm), a direct proportional relationship was observed bet?ween cylinder speed and both radial pressure and machine efficiency. In contrast, using a 4.8 centimeter pitch feed roller produced a series of inverse relationships between the above variables. Based on the results of this study it is recommended when milling Indica type long grain rice varieties that the cylinder speed of the original machine be increased from 500-600 rmp up to a minimum of 800 rpm to obtain a greater abrasive effect between the grain and the screen. The pitch of the feed screw should be also reduced to decr?ease the level of internal radial pressure and to obtain higher machine efficiency and increased quality of milled rice with increased cylinder speeds. Further study on the interaction between cylinder speed and feed screw pitch is recommended. 5. An increase in the counter pressure level produced a negative effect On the head rice recovery with an increase in radial pressure, capacity, and machine efficiency over all combinations and at every level of cylinder speed. 6. Head rice recovery rates were conditioned primarily by the pressure inside the whitening chamber. According to the empirical cha racteristics curve developed in this study, the relationships of head rice recovery ($Y_h$) and machine capacity ($Y_c$/TEX>) to internal radial pressure ($X_p$) followed an inverse quadratic function and a linear function respectively: $$Y_h^\Delta=\frac{1}{{1.4383-0.2951X_p^\ast+0.1425X_p^{\ast\ast}}^2} , (R^2=0.98)$$$$Y_c^\Delta=-305.83+374.37X_p^{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.88)$$The correlation between capacity and power consumption per unit of brown rice expressed in the following exponential function: $$Y_c^\Delta=1.63Y_c^{-0.7786^\{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.94)$$These relationships indicate that when radial pressure increases above a certain range (1. 6 to 2.0 kg/$cm^2$ based On the results of the experiment) head ricerecovery decrea?ses in a quadratic relation with a inear increase in capacity but without any decrease in power consump tion per unit of brown rice. On the other hand, if radial pressure is below the range shown above, power consumption increases dramatically with a lin?ear decrease in capacity but without significant increases in head rice recovery. During the operation of a given whitening machine, the optimum radial pressure range or the correct capacity range should be selected by controlling the feed rate and/or counter-pressure keeping in mind the condition of the grain, particulary the hardness. It was observed that the total number of passes is related to radial pessure level, feed rate and counter-pressure level. The higher theradial pressure the fewer num?ber of pass required but with decreased head rice recovery. In particular, when using high feed rates, the total number of passes should be increased to more than three by reducing the counter-pressure level to avoid decreaseases in head rice recovery (less than 65 percent head rice recovery on the basis of brown rice) at every cylinder speed. 7. A rapid rise in grain temperature seemed to have a close relationship with the pressure generated inside the whitening chamber and, subsequently with head rice reco?very rates. The higher the rate of increase, the lower were the resulting head rice recoveries.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.17-48
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• 1976

In analyzing the operational characteristics of a rice whitening machine, the internal radial pressure of the machine was measured using strain gage equipment. Changes in cylinder and feed screw configurations, screen type, cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels were examined to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of milled rice and the performance of the machine. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The internal radial pressure in the whitening chamber varied with the surface condition of the grain being processed. During the first or second pass through the machine, pressure was relatively low, reached a maximum after two to three passes with combinations I and II, three to six with combination III and then began to fall. 2. The pitch of the feed screw and the size of the feed gate opening which determine the rate of entry of grain into the whitening chamber, appeared to be the most important factor aff-::cting the degree of radial pressure, quality and quantity of milled rice and the efficiency of the machine. Using a feed screw with a wide pitch (4.8cm), radial pressure was relatively high and head rice recovery ratio \vere quite low. In this case capacity and machine effic\ulcorneriency were much higher than obtained when using a feed screw with a narrow pitch (2.3cm). Very significant responses in radial pressure, head rice recovery rates and machine capacity were observed with changes in cylinder speed and counter-pressure levels when using the wide pitch feed screw. 3. The characteristics of the screen which surrounds the whitening chamber had an important effect on whitening efficiency. The existence of small protuberances on the original screen resulted in significant increases in both machine capacity and efficiency but without a significant decrease in head rice recovery or development of excessive radial pressure. Further work is required to determine the effects of screen surface conditions and the shape of the cylinderical steel roller on the rate of bran removal, machine efficiency and recovery rates. The size of the slotted perforations 0:1 the screen affects total milled rice recovery. The opening size on the original screen was fabricated to accommodate the round shape of Japonica rice varieties but was not suitable for the more slender Indica type. Milling Indica varieties with this screen resulted in a reduction in total milled rice recovery. 4. An increase in cylinder speed from 380 to 820 rpm produced a positive effect on head rice recovery for all machine combinations at every level of counter-pressure used in the tests. Head rice recovery was considerably lower at 380rpm using a wide screw pitch when compared to the results obtained at speeds from 600 to 820 r.p.m. The effects of cylinder speed On radial pressure, capacity and machine efficiency showed contrasting results, depending on the width of the feed screw pitch. With a narrow feed screw pitch (2.3cm), a direct proportional relationship was observed bet\ulcornerween cylinder speed and both radial pressure and machine efficiency. In contrast, using a 4.8 centimeter pitch feed roller produced a series of inverse relationships between the above variables. Based on the results of this study it is recommended when milling Indica type long grain rice varieties that the cylinder speed of the original machine be increased from 500-600 rmp up to a minimum of 800 rpm to obtain a greater abrasive effect between the grain and the screen. The pitch of the feed screw should be also reduced to decr\ulcornerease the level of internal radial pressure and to obtain higher machine efficiency and increased quality of milled rice with increased cylinder speeds. Further study on the interaction between cylinder speed and feed screw pitch is recommended. 5. An increase in the counter pressure level produced a negative effect On the head rice recovery with an increase in radial pressure, capacity, and machine efficiency over all combinations and at every level of cylinder speed. 6. Head rice recovery rates were conditioned primarily by the pressure inside the whitening chamber. According to the empirical cha racteristics curve developed in this study, the relationships of head rice recovery ($Y_h$) and machine capacity ($Y_c$/TEX>) to internal radial pressure ($X_p$) followed an inverse quadratic function and a linear function respectively: $$Y_h^\Delta=\frac{1}{{1.4383-0.2951X_p^\ast+0.1425X_p^{\ast\ast}}^2} , (R^2=0.98)$$ $$Y_c^\Delta=-305.83+374.37X_p^{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.88)$$ The correlation between capacity and power consumption per unit of brown rice expressed in the following exponential function: $$Y_c^\Delta=1.63Y_c^{-0.7786^\{\ast\ast}, (R^2=0.94)$$ These relationships indicate that when radial pressure increases above a certain range (1. 6 to 2.0 kg/$cm^2$ based On the results of the experiment) head ricerecovery decrea\ulcornerses in a quadratic relation with a inear increase in capacity but without any decrease in power consump tion per unit of brown rice. On the other hand, if radial pressure is below the range shown above, power consumption increases dramatically with a lin\ulcornerear decrease in capacity but without significant increases in head rice recovery. During the operation of a given whitening machine, the optimum radial pressure range or the correct capacity range should be selected by controlling the feed rate and/or counter-pressure keeping in mind the condition of the grain, particulary the hardness. It was observed that the total number of passes is related to radial pessure level, feed rate and counter-pressure level. The higher theradial pressure the fewer num\ulcornerber of pass required but with decreased head rice recovery. In particular, when using high feed rates, the total number of passes should be increased to more than three by reducing the counter-pressure level to avoid decreaseases in head rice recovery (less than 65 percent head rice recovery on the basis of brown rice) at every cylinder speed. 7. A rapid rise in grain temperature seemed to have a close relationship with the pressure generated inside the whitening chamber and, subsequently with head rice reco\ulcornervery rates. The higher the rate of increase, the lower were the resulting head rice recoveries.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.141-156
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• 1990

본 연구는 육용계육종개량에 필요한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 육용계 4계통(H, T, M, A)을 306수 공시하여 성장률 및 체중증가에 따른 체중구성요소들과 산육률의 상대비율(%)을 Trial 1 (생체중：900~l,000g), Trial 2 (생체중 ： 1,300~l,500g), Trial 3 (성체중 1,600~1,800g), 그리고 Trial 4 (생체중 ：1.8kg 이상) 순서로 추정하였다. 공시된 Broiler는 1987년 7월 2일부터 동년 9월 13일까지 서울대학교 농과대학 가축육종 농장에서 사육되었고, 도체시험을 가하였다. 조사사항 및 방법은 전기한 바와 같다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 4계통(H, T, M, A) 각각에서 7주령 체중과 0~7까지의 사료효율 및 생존율을 살펴보면 H계통은 $2.150\pm$34.9, 2.55 및 99.7%였으며, T계통은 $2.138\pm$26.2, 2.125 및 99.7%, M계통은 $1.960\pm$23.1과 2.084 및 100.0%였고 A계통은 $2.319\pm$27.9와 2.030 및 100.0%였다. 4계통 모두 정상발육을 하였다. 2. 0~7주령까지 2주간격으로 조사한 성장률에 대한 성적을 살펴보면 2주령을 제외한 전주령에서 계통간에 뚜렷한 유의차를 보였다. 성장속도를 표시해 주는 회귀계수값 기울기 b값을 보면, bA＝1.015, bH＝0.968, bM＝0.950, bT＝0.942순으로, A계통의 경우 bA＝1.015로서 유의적으로 제일 빠른 속도로 성장하고 있음을 나타내고 있다. 3. 체중구성요소들 체중증가에 따라 각부위들의 체중비율이 증가되는 부위는 다음과 같다. 우모, 복부지방 및 흉부 그러고 퇴경부 등이고, 반면에 감소되고 있는 부위는 방혈중, 두부, 가식내장 및 불가식내장이었고, 체중증가에도 큰 변화가 없는 것을 익부 및 배부이었다. 각 부위별 계통간 유의차를 보이는 것은 우모의 경우 Trial 4에서 계통간 유의차를 보였고, 각부의 경우는 Trial 3에서 계통간 유의차를 보였으며 복부지방량의 경우 Trial 1에 유의차를 보인 뒤 나머지 단계에서는 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 가식부위들 중 계통간간 유의차가 있는 것은 경부에서(Trial 2) 나타났다. 정육이 가장 많이 퇴경부와 흉부의 중량비율(%)을 살펴보면 Trial 4에서 흉부중양비율(%)은 H, T, M, A계통에서 19.2, 19.0, 19.0, 19.0%였고 퇴경부 경우는 23.0%, 23.3, 22.8 그러고 23.0%로 흉부중량비율(%)보다 퇴경부중양비율(%)이 훨씬 높게 나타났다. 체중증가에 따른 증가속도는 흉부가 머 빠른 속도로증가했다. 4. 흉부와 퇴경부의 산육률을 보면 폐부의 산육률에 있어서 계통간 유의차는 Trial 2와 Trial 4에서 산육률의 계통간 유의차를 보였다. 증가속도가 제일 빠른 T계통은 흉폐부근육위주로 개량되었다고 판단된다. Trial 4에서 각 계통간(H, T, M, A)에서 각부의 산육률을 보면 각각 77.2%, 78.9%, 73.5%, 74.8%를 나타냈으며, 퇴경부의 경우 계통간유의차를 나타내지 않았으나 H계통의 경우는 성장속도가 제일 빠르게 나타났다. 반면, 흉부에서 제일 성장속도가 빨랐던 T계통은 퇴경부 산흉율은 bT=0.775로 오히려 감소속도를 나타내고 있다. 한편 퇴경부 산육율을 H, T, M, A계통별로 살펴보면 80.3%, 78.4%. 79.7% 그리고 80.2%였다. 5. 체중구성요소들의 중상비율간의 상관근도는 계통간를 차이를 보이지 않았다. 체중구성요소중 체중과 상관정도가 높은 부위들은 방혈양, 두부, 각부, 흉부, 퇴경부등이였다. 복부지방(%)은 어느 계종에서나 주로 불가식내장과 높은 유의상관을 보였으나, 가식부위와의 상관정도는 매우 낮게 나타났다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.67-91
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• 1983

침엽수(針葉樹)인 소나무, 리기다소나무, 일본잎갈나무 3수종(樹種)과 활엽수(闊葉樹)인 오리나무, 밤나무, 이태리포푸라 3수종(樹種)의 목재(木材)로부터 alcohol을 생산(生産)하기 위하여 목재(木材)의 화학성분(化學成分) 분석(分析)과 산(酸) 가수분해(加水分解) 조건(條件)을 확립(確立)하고 또한 섬유소(纖維素) 분해력(分解力)이 강(强)한 균주(菌株)를 분리(分離) 동정(同定)하여 균주(菌株)의 효소(酵素) 생산조건(生産條件), 효소(酵素)의 특성(特性) 및 alcohol 발효조건(醱酵條件) 등(等)을 연구조사(硏究調査)한 바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) 수종별(樹種別) 산(酸) 가수분해(加水分解)에서 HCl은 1.0%와 2.0%, $H_2SO_4$는 2.0%에서 높은 당화율(糖化率)을 보였고 수종(樹種)은 오리나무가 23.4%로 제일 좋았다. 2) HCl과 $H_2SO_4$으로 산(酸) 가수분해(加水分解)할 때 압력(壓力)은 $1.5kg/cm^2$, 산(酸)의 첨가량(添加量)은 30배량(倍量), 분해시간(分解時間)은 HCl 45분과 $H_2SO_4$ 30분에서 당화율(糖化率)이 양호(良好)하였다. 3) 전처리(前處理)에 있어서 농(濃) HCl 보다는 농(濃) $H_2SO_4$이 더 효과적(効果的)이었고 그 농도(濃度)는 50~60%이었으며 열처리(熱處理)는 $190^{\circ}C$에서 30분간(分間) 처리(處理)함으로써 무처리(無處理)보다 당화율(糖化率)이 약(約) 1.5% 증가(增加)하였다. 4) 목분(木粉) 1g에 있어서 산(酸) 가수분해액(加水分解液)의 당조성(糖組成)은 소나무는 glucose 137.78mg, arabinose 68.24mg이었고 오리나무는 glucose 162.22mg, arabinose 65.89mg을 함유(含有)하고 있었으며, xylose와 galactose도 검출(檢出)되었다. 5) 10개(個)의 균주(菌株) 중에 alcohol 효효력(醗酵力)이 왕성한 균주(菌株)는 Sacch. cerevisiae JAFM 101과 Sacch. cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus JAFM 125이었다. 6) 산(酸) 가수분해액(加水分解液)은 $CaCO_3$와 NaOH로 중화(中和)하는 것이 alcohol 생산(生産)과 효모생육(酵母生育)이 양호(良好)하였고 alcohol 생산(生産)은 pH 4.5~5.5, $30^{\circ}C$, 균주생육(菌株生育)에는 pH 5.0~6.0, $24^{\circ}C$에서 발효(醱酵)시키는 것이 좋았다. 7) Alcohol 생산(生産)에는 0.02%의 $(NH_2)_2CO$와 $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, 0.1%의 $KH_2PO_4$, 0.05%의 $MgSO_4$ 그 밖에 0.025%의 $CaCl_2$, 0.002%의 $MnCl_2$ 첨가(添加)가 효과적(効果的)이었고 효모증식(酵母增殖)에는 0.04~0.06%의 $(NH_2)_2CO$와 $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, 0.2%의 $K_2HPO_4$와 $K_3PO_4$, 0.05%의 $MgSO_4$ 그 밖에 0.025%의 $CaCl_2$, 0.002%의 NaCl 첨가(添加)가 효과적(効果的)이다. 8) 여러 가지 vitamin 중에서 alcohol 생산(生産)은 pyridoxine과 riboflavin, 효모증식(酵母增殖)에는 thiamin과 Ca-pantothenate, biotin과 inositol의 첨가(添加)가 좋았고 tannin과 furfural은 0.01% 농도(濃度)에서 alcohol 생산(生産)이 오히려 증가(增加)하였으며 그 이상(以上)의 농도(濃度)에서는 저해(沮害)를 받았다. 9) 발효액(醱酵液) 100ml에서 소나무는 2.201~2.275ml의 alcohol과 168~228mg의 효모(酵母)가 생산(生産)되었고 잔류당(殘溜糖)은 0.55~0.60g이었다. 오리나무는 2.075~2.125ml의 alcohol과 208~256mg의 효모(酵母)를 생산(生産)했으며 잔류당(殘溜糖)은 0.60~0.65g이었고 pH는 3.3~3.6으로 변화(變化)했다. 10) Trichoderma viride JJK107을 섬유소(纖維素) 분해력(分解力)이 강한 균주(菌株)로서 선정(選定)하여 동정(同定)하였다. 11) 효소(酵素) 생산조건(生産條件)으로 CMCase는 pH 6.0, $30^{\circ}C$, xylanase는 pH 5.0, $35^{\circ}C$에서 5일간 배양(培養)할 때 최고(最高)의 효소생산(酵素生産)을 나타냈고 효소작용(酵素作用)의 최적조건(最適條件)은 CMCase는 pH 4.5, $50^{\circ}C$, xylanase는 pH 4.5, $40^{\circ}C$에서 최고(最高)의 활성도(活性度)를 보였다. 12) 목분(木粉)을 peracetic acid로 탈(脫) lignin하고 효소(酵素) 가수분해(加水分解)하여 발효(醱酵)시킬 때가 alcohol 생산(生産)이 좋았으며 peracetic acid 첨가비(添加比)는 10배량(倍量) 이도(移度) 첨가(添加)하는 것이 좋았다. 13) 발효(醱酵)에 있어서 본분(本粉)과 밀기울 Koji의 혼합비율(混合比率)은 10:8일 때에 alcohol 생산(生産)이 좋았고 본분(本粉) 10g에서 소나무 2.01~2.14ml, 오리나무는 2.11~2.20ml의 alcohol을 생산(生産)하였다.