• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.119-126
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the effects of mouth breathing on brain activity through electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG was performed on 12 healthy volunteers of age ranging from 21 to 27 years (male: female = 6:6, non-smoker). Brain waves on resting state (Rest_N/Rest_M) and auditory-language stimuli state (Eng_N/Eng_M) were recorded during mouth and nose breathing. Four different regions (R1~R4) were classified based on the brain functionality. And each channel (e.g., Pf1 and Pf2) and frequency (${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, ${\gamma}$, and ${\theta}$) were analyzed using their absolute power ratios of fast Fourier transform (FFT). The results showed that there was no significant difference between Rest_N and Rest_M. Eng_N had significantly higher brain activity than Rest_N; on the other hand, there was no significant difference between Rest_M and Eng_M. These results demonstrate that mouth-breathing on resting state does not induce any significant effects on brain activity and/or functionality, even though it causes subtle temporary inconvenience. In addition to the uncomfort, the brain activity can be adversely influenced by mouth-breathing, which could lower the cognitive skills under certain circumstances.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.63-70
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• 2022

The essence of the definition of "tolerance" is analyzed. Motivational, knowledge and behavioral criteria for tolerance of future teachers are highlighted. Indicators of the motivational criterion are the formation of value orientations, motivational orientation, and the development of empathy. Originality and productivity of thoughts and judgments, tact of dialogue, pedagogical ethics and tact are confirmed as indicators of the knowledge criterion. The behavioral criterion includes social activity as a life position, emotional and volitional endurance, and self-control of one's own position. The formation of tolerance is influenced by a number of factors: the social environment, the information society, existing stereotypes and ideas in society, the system of education and relationships between people, and the system of values. The main factors that contribute to the education of tolerance in future teachers are highlighted. Analyzing the structure of tolerance, it is necessary to distinguish the following functions of tolerance: - motivational (determines the composition and strength of motivation for social activity and behavior, promotes the development of life experience, because it allows the individual to accept other points of view and vision of the solution; - informational (understanding the situation, the personality of another person); - regulatory (tolerance has a close connection with the strong - willed qualities of a person: endurance, selfcontrol, self-regulation, which were formed in the process of Education); - adaptive (allows the individual to develop in the process of joint activity a positive, emotional, stable attitude to the activity itself, which the individual carries out, to the object and subject of joint relations). The implementation of pedagogical functions in the information society: educational, organizational, predictive, informational, communicative, controlling, etc. provides grounds to consider pedagogical tolerance as an integrative personal quality of a representative of any profession in the field of "person-person". The positions that should become conditions for the formation of tolerance of the future teacher in the information society are listed.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.142-148
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• 2023

The National Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education plays a crucial role in education in Ukraine, as an independent entity creates and ensures quality standards of higher education, which allow to properly implement the educational policy of the state, develop the economy and society as a whole.The purpose of the article: to reveal the crucial role of the National Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education to create quality management of higher education institutions, to show its mechanism as an independent entity that creates and ensures quality standards of higher education. and society as a whole. The mission of the National Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education is to become a catalyst for positive changes in higher education and the formation of a culture of its quality. The strategic goals of the National Agency are implemented in three main areas: the quality of educational services, recognition of the quality of scientific results, ensuring the systemic impact of the National Agency. The National Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education exercises various powers, which can be divided into: regulatory, analytical, accreditation, control, communication.The effectiveness of the work of the National Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education for 2020 has been proved. The results of a survey conducted by 183 higher education institutions of Ukraine conducted by the National Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education are shown. Emphasis was placed on the development of "Recommendations of the National Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education regarding the introduction of an internal quality assurance system." The international activity and international recognition of the National Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education are shown.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.117-131
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• 2001

The character of the educational tradition of Germany could be divided into two aspects. One is the humanistic liberal tendency and the other is vocational. From the beginning of the Twentieth Century, however, there has been an attempt to unify these two trends by the . Georg Kerschensteiner is the first of importance to make some comprehensive curriculum for this goal. In Kerschensteiner, the genuine education makes the individual assume his work and role in society, and to develop them by cultivating insight, will and power. His view is well expressed in the slogn "The vocational education is the beginning of the humanistic education." His goal is to make men of independence and autonomy through vocational education. The theory of Kerschensteiner's education is called 'general vocational education'. The reason why is that his vocational education concerns not just technical training for industry, but also general liberal arts. In this point, Kerschensteiner's point of view goes back to Wilhelm von Humboldt, neo-humanist afar in the first half of the Ninteenth Century, and to John Dewey, pragmatist in the contemporary age of Kerschensteiner. Kerschensteiner was much influenced by Humboldt's concepts of power and individuality. These concepts came to be embodied as a principle of vocational education in Kerschensteiner. Furthermore, Humboldt's concept of power could be associated with Dewey's theory of reflexive thinking. The power in Humboldt is to create spirit, which is connected with the world outside through language. The reflexive thinking of Dewey is a process that examines and selects some alternative thinking in the consciousness before acting. This process makes one find the method of problem-solving which results in behaviour. That is the experimental spirit or pragmatic behaviourism. These theories are reduced to the concept of 'work' in Kerschensteiner. And Kerschensteiner's theory of education that has both sides, humanistic and vocational, is similar to that of John Dewey. Dewey brings forward the idea that the vocational education is the best way to cultivate intelligence and emotion, as intelligence operates best in the life. The position of Dewey is in accord with that of Kerschensteiner who intends to cover experiences of various fields of society through practice-learning, and to have knowledge got from outside of school, refuting the misled trend of education isolated from real life. However, there is some difference between Kerschensteiner and Humbolt or Dewey. While the Neo-humanism of Humbolt and the pragmatic education of Dewey put emphasis rather on the liberal arts and culture of individuality, Kerschensteiner is concerned more with the work and life of the reality of society as a group. Kerschensteiner's concept of utility is related to education for the whole man and to the work of the individual and the nation as well as the will and power to practice it. The ideal man of utility of Kerschensteiner is to learn perfectly the value and behaviour of society through vocational life and to have right view of the state establishing a sound mutual relation between individual and state. Kerschensteiner is regarded as a devotee of 'the state of harmony' or 'the ideal of the state', as he makes the state as the criterion for defining the role of the individual. It can be said that Kerschensteiner is not a democrat of the American style as Dewey is, as he makes much of the value of the nation and state. However, he is a humanist and democrat in the point of vocational education. His purpose of education is to make whole men through work and vocational education.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.39
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• pp.179-220
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• 2008

The notion of the 'court' is most unique to ICC arbitration. This paper focuses on what the court is and how it works and what the role and the duties of the Court under the ICC arbitration imply for the KCAB International Arbitration Rules. The Court is an administrative body that administers arbitrations taking place under the ICC Rules of Arbitration. The Court consists of 126 members from 88 countries around the world. Court members participate in decision-making process by way of attending the committee sessions and plenary sessions. At the Court's committee sessions, the Court fixes advance on costs; reviews the prima facie existence of arbitration agreements; fixes the place and language of arbitration, and the number of arbitrator(s); confirms and approves arbitrators; scrutinizes draft awards, determines the costs of arbitration; decides on extensions related to Terms of Reference, draft awards and correction and interpretation of the awards. At the Court's plenary sessions, the Court performs only two responsibilities: the challenge or replacement of arbitrators or the scrutiny of draft awards. The Court is required to scrutinize draft awards involving states or state entities, drafts with huge amounts in dispute or complex technical or legal questions, and as well as draft awards to which a dissenting opinion has been attached. Turning to the KCAB International Arbitration Rules, Article 1(3) provides that the KCAB shall establish an International Arbitration Committee. Further, it is provided that the KCAB shall consult with the said Committee with respect to challenge and replacement/removal of arbitrators pursuant to Article 1(3). The notion and role of the International Arbitration Committee was originally adapted from the Court to ICC arbitration, but its role was quite reduced in the process of enactment of its Rules. Accordingly, I examined the detailed roles of the Court to ICC arbitration in this paper and hereby suggest that the KCAB International Arbitration Rules shall be amended in the following ways: The Secretariat of the KCAB shall: fix advance on costs at the first stage and the costs of arbitration at the final stage of the proceedings; determine the number of arbitrators; review the prima facie of existence of arbitration agreement; confirm arbitrators; decide extensions related to time table, draft awards and correction and interpretation of the awards. I, also, suggest that the arbitral tribunals shall fix the place of arbitration and the language of arbitration and make a final decision on the validity of arbitration agreement. With regard to the International Arbitration Committee, it is desirable for its Rules to empower the Committee to recommend any prospective arbitrator and to review and decide challenge and replacement/removal of arbitrators.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.517-523
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• 2002

In this paper, we propose system that apply VIBL method to add speech recognition to LIBL method based on human s studying method to use natural language to steering system of ship, MERCS and winch appliances and use VIBL method to alternate process that linguistic instruction such as officer s steering instruction is achieved via ableman and control steering gear, MERCS and winch appliances. By specific method of study, ableman s suitable steering manufacturing model embodies intelligent steering gear controlling system that embody and language direction base studying method to present proper meaning element and evaluation rule to steering system of ship apply and respond more efficiently on voice instruction of commander using fuzzy inference rule. Also we embody system that recognize voice direction of commander and control MERCS and winch appliances. We embodied steering manufacturing model based on ableman s experience and presented rudder angle for intelligent steering system, compass bearing arrival time, evaluation rule to propose meaning element of stationary state and correct steerman manufacturing model rule using technique to recognize voice instruction of commander and change to text and fuzzy inference. Also we apply VIBL method to speech recognition ship control simulator and confirmed the effectiveness.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1400-1418
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• 2020

In the development of commercial promotion, chatbot is known as one of significant skill by application of natural language processing (NLP). Conventional design methods are using bag-of-words model (BOW) alone based on Google database and other online corpus. For one thing, in the bag-of-words model, the vectors are Irrelevant to one another. Even though this method is friendly to discrete features, it is not conducive to the machine to understand continuous statements due to the loss of the connection between words in the encoded word vector. For other thing, existing methods are used to test in state-of-the-art online corpus but it is hard to apply in real applications such as telemarketing data. In this paper, we propose an improved chatbot design way using hybrid bag-of-words model and skip-gram model based on the real telemarketing data. Specifically, we first collect the real data in the telemarketing field and perform data cleaning and data classification on the constructed corpus. Second, the word representation is adopted hybrid bag-of-words model and skip-gram model. The skip-gram model maps synonyms in the vicinity of vector space. The correlation between words is expressed, so the amount of information contained in the word vector is increased, making up for the shortcomings caused by using bag-of-words model alone. Third, we use the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) weighting method to improve the weight of key words, then output the final word expression. At last, the answer is produced using hybrid retrieval model and generate model. The retrieval model can accurately answer questions in the field. The generate model can supplement the question of answering the open domain, in which the answer to the final reply is completed by long-short term memory (LSTM) training and prediction. Experimental results show which the hybrid word vector expression model can improve the accuracy of the response and the whole system can communicate with humans.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.785-797
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• 2010

This study identified the linguistic features of Earth science treatises through the analysis of the register. Data included three Korean treatises that were in geology, atmospheric science, and oceanography. The register of Earth science treatise was as follows: First, there were semantic, referential connections between Themes and Rhemes, that the messages and main points of the texts were expressed coherently and cohesively. Second, some predicates were used which were related to deductive inference, abductive inferences, or causal relation according to the genre elements of each text. The logical relations were not represented by the conjunctions but by the types of predicates. Third, most texts in the treatises showed interpersonally weak relationship using mental predicates related to possibilities, which meant scientists expressed indirectly their interpretation, explanation, or arguments. From these results, we argued that some activities of unpacking the language of science be included in science curriculum in order to improve students' literacy of science texts and understanding scientists' knowledge construction.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.172-184
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• 1998

This study was to examine the characteristics of aggressive behaviour of dementia patients. It was based on the observation of the patients in a facility for dementia patients. Observation continued for two days from 9a.m. to 5p.m .. aggressive behavior was recorded using the instrument of Ryden. The result of this study is as follows. 1. appearance rate of aggressive behaviour During two days $74\%$ of the patients did aggressive behaviour(first day-$41.8\%$. second day-$62.8\%$). The average aggressive behaviour per person was 1.65. 2. types of aggressive behaviour Aggressive behaviour was the most frequent in verbal domain(157 case; $52.5\%$). Physical domain was the second$(136case;\;45.5\%)$, and sexual domain was the last$(6 case;\;2.0\%)$. More concretely, abusive/vulgar language$(74case;\;24.7\%)$ was more than anything else. Aggressive language$(65case;\;21.7\%)$, pushing$(39case;\;13.0\%)$, intimidating posture$(21case;\;7.0\%)$. slapping $(18case;\; 6.0\%)$ followed it. 3. correlation to other factors such as sex. age etc. The average aggressive behaviour of female(2.07) was higher than that of male(1.23) (p=.05). Age also had meaningful correlation to the frequency of aggressive behaviour(p=.04). All the other factors-the period of living in facility, the seriousness of dementia. movements in daily life. CAPE, emotional state. the extent of trouble in cognition- have nothing to do with the frequency of aggressive behaviour. 4. the time, place and the target of aggressive behavior Aggressive behaviour appeared more frequently in the afternoon $(138case;\;46.4\%)$ than in the morning or at lunch time. The patient's room ranked the first in the list of places where aggressive behaviour took place $(162case;\; 54.5\%)$. Nursing personnel topped in the target of aggressive behaviour$(119case;\; 39.8\%)$. 5. the preceding causes of the aggressive behavior the most frequent preceding causes of the behavior was the stimulus of another residents $(133case, 44.4\%)$ and that of nsg personnel was few relatively$(65 cases,\; 21.7\%)$. 6. Nursing personnel used verbal reaction most frequently$(40 cases,\; 51\%)$ and in a behavioral reaction they used physical restraint $(12 cases,\; 17.1\%)$ most frequently. In the reactions of nsg personnel. the rate of undesired reaction was high$(41cases,\; 44.28\%)$. and in that of the attacked residents, the usual reaction was most frequent $(80cases,\; 65.0\%)$. In the future it is needed to investigate the characteristics of aggressive behavior of dementia patients, and based on this the method of intervention must be developed. Today the number of dementia patient increases so nurses must strive to encounter aggressive behavior more desirably.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.77-87
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to investigate the current state of distribution terminology usage by retailers and consumers nationwide, and to suggest a practical improvement plan for its standardization. The Korean distribution industry is closely related to consumers' daily lives. However, in reality, there exists a gap among producers, distributors, and consumers in terms of the definition, understanding, and perception of the terminology. Therefore, standardizing this terminology is essential for more smooth communication. This paper suggests the necessity of committing overall research and survey activities to the actual conditions of using Korean distribution terminology by organizations and their respective management situations, and further, the necessity of probing the problem and its measures in line with the objective and mission of the "Fundamental Law of the Korean Language." Research design, data, and methodology - This study's scope is limited to wholesale and retail including some information systems. First, the study covers most written material including lexicons and glossary of distribution terminology, university textbooks and teaching material for national certificate of qualification, and related laws and ordinances. Second, the survey covers retailers' management situations by store format. The retailers used as the sample for the survey include department stores, discount stores, SSM, and convenience stores. Altogether, 20 specialists were interviewed in their respective sectors or retail formats. Finally, the project team surveyed a sample of 1,300 consumers nationwide on 50 distribution terms mainly used by consumers, including those about awareness, understanding, usage, and attitude. Results - In total, 1,249 terms are drawn through literature research including distribution terminology used in the related literature, glossary and lexicons, distribution terminology in textbooks, and legal terminology. A classified table comprises four large categories including general distribution, distribution marketing, distribution information, and merchandise. The results of the three-step research including literature survey, field survey of retailers, and consumer survey were advised to be screened by academia (retail associations, faculty etc.), retailers (major retail management by store format), retail specialists and consultants, consumers, and Korean linguists. In total, 1,300 questionnaires for 50 terms of the distribution terminology closely associated with consumers were distributed to subjects nationwide. Conclusions - The desired and expected results from this study are summarized from three perspectives as follows: First, from retailers' perspective, a new concept, or coinage of new terms of the distribution industry stems from advanced countries such as America and Europe. However, the original meaning and definition are diluted and distorted with changes in the language users' situations and context. This study provides basic guidelines for standardization of distribution terms used among various retail formats in most daily life situations that consumers encounter. Second, from the nation's perspective, this study suggests optimal choices of distribution terminology in the context of laws and ordinances regarding concerned Ministries. Last, from the consumers' perspective, this paper enables consumers to understand and use distribution terms properly in their daily life.