• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.176-187
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• 2001

This research was conducted to evaluate the general dietary quality(the balance and diversity of food intake, nutrient intake and adequacy) of 12 to 36-month-old toddler, through examining their actual food intake. It was conducted for 664(male-357, female-307) healthy toddler who were outpatients from Mar. to Aug., 1999 at university hospitals and private hospitals in Seoul and kyunggi province. The anthropometric parameters were measured. The 24-hr recall method were utilized to analyze the nutrient intake by months, based on the classification of The Korea Child Gorwth Standard. As for the subjects of this research, we found that the younger the age, the more frequent the pattern of intake of only 3 kinds of food groups. The results are that 1) the group with 1 point of the DDS(Dietary Diversity Score) mostly took only foods from the milk group, 2) the group with 2 points only took foods from the grain and milk group, 3) the group with 3 points did not take foods from the fruit and vegetable group, and 4) the group with 4 points took just about all kinds of food groups except for the vegetable group. This means that most of them were not taking various kinds of food even after the age of 12 months, and that they took more than twice the recommended amount of foods from the milk group until the age of 20 months. Thus, one could find a tendency of dependance on the milk group for food intake. Food intake for the vegetable group was severely under the recommended allowance, regardless of the age. The intake of iron was less than two thirds of the recommended allowance, except for the group of 12 to 14-month-olds who had been fed with infant formula. The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio(NAR) of major nutrients(protein, calcium, phosphorous, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, vitamin C) and the Mean Adequacy Ratio(MAR, shows the general quality of dietary intake) was 0.86$\pm$0.12, but the NAR of iron was 0.62$\pm$0.27, which was extremely low compared to those of other nutrients. Therefore, concerning the subjects of this research, the MAR value alone does not provide enough ground to conclude that the subjects dietary quality is satisfactory. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 176-187, 2001)

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.216-219
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• 2011

Perovskite manganites such as $RE_{1-x}A_xMnO_3$ (RE = rare earth, A = Ca, Sr, Ba) have been the subject of intense research in the last few years, ever since the discovery that these systems demonstrate colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). The CMR is usually explained with the double-exchange (DE) mechanism, and CMR materials have potential applications for magnetic switching, recording devices, and more. However, the intrinsic CMR effect is usually found under the conditions of a magnetic field of several Teslas and a narrow temperature range near the Curie temperature ($T_c$). This magnetic field and temperature range make practical applications impossible. Recently, another type of MR, called the low-field magnetoresistance(LFMR), has also been a research focus. This MR is typically found in polycrystalline half-metallic ferromagnets, and is associated with the spin-dependent charge transport across grain boundaries. Composites with compositions $La_{0.7}(Ca_{1-x}Sr_x)_{0.3}MnO_3)]_{0.99}/(BaTiO_3)_{0.01}$ $[(LCSMO)_{0.99}/(BTO)_{0.01}]$were prepared with different Sr doping levels x by a standard ceramic technique, and their electrical transport and magnetoresistance (MR) properties were investigated. The structure and morphology of the composites were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). BTO peaks could not be found in the XRD pattern because the amount of BTO in the composites was too small. As the content of x decreased, the crystal structure changed from orthorhombic to rhombohedral. This change can be explained by the fact that the crystal structure of pure LCMO is orthorhombic and the crystal structure of pure LSMO is rhombohedral. The SEM results indicate that LCSMO and BTO coexist in the composites and BTO mostly segregates at the grain boundaries of LCSMO, which are in accordance with the results of the magnetic measurements. The resistivity of all the composites was measured in the range of 90-400K at 0T, 0.5T magnetic field. The result indicates that the MR of the composites increases systematically as the Ca concentration increases, although the transition temperature $T_c$ shifts to a lower range.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.79-89
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• 2007

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the present status of several environmental problems caused by emerging toxic substances such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and arsenic in various environmental media in Vietnam. Monitoring data reported during the 1990s demonstrated elevated contamination of DDTs in most of these compartments in Vietnam. Studies in frame of the Asia-Pacific Mussel Watch Program revealed that fish, mussels and resident birds from Vietnam contained higher concentrations of DDTs as compared to other countries in region, suggesting the role of Vietnamese environment as a significant emission source of DDT in the Southeast Asian region. The estimated dietary intakes of PCBs and DDTs for Vietnamese were relatively high among Asian developing countries, suggesting potential risk for humans posed by thesechemicals. Widespread contamination of some endocrine active compounds such as alkylphenols and phthalates was observed at various sites along the coasts of northern and middle Vietnam. The presence of significant source of bisphenol-A along Red River estuary was revealed with the concentrations comparable to those reported for developed nations. A case study on seasonal variation of alkylphenols and phthalates in surface water of river delta and estuary of north and middle Vietnam indicated the differences in distribution of these compounds between dry and rainy seasons. Higher concentrations of alkylphenols and phthalates were found in dry season in estuary; while the contrasting pattern was observed in the river delta, showing elevated residues in rainy season. This result suggests the different behavior of alkylphenols and phthalates in river delta and coastal environment. From ecotoxicological perspectives, concentrations of bis-phenol A and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalates [DEHP] in surface water from some locations in Vietnam exceeded the guideline values for Ecotoxicological Effects and the Environmental Risk Limit, respectively, suggesting potential for toxic implications on aquatic wildlife. Widespread and elevated arsenic contamination was discovered inour recent surveys in groundwater in a large area of suburban areas of Hanoi city, the capital of Vietnam. The most recent investigation in 4 villages showed about more than 50 % of groundwater samples contained As concentrations exceeding 50 g/L (the WHO and Vietnamese standard). In particular, in Son Dong villages, 58 % of samples analyzed contained As concentrations higher than 200 g/L. Good correlations were found in As concentrations in water and hair and urine of peoples in corresponding families, suggesting the chronic exposure to As by people living in As-contaminated ground water areas. In Son Dong village, As levels in hair (mean: 1.7 mg/kg dry wt) and urine (g/g creatinine) exceeding the reference values recommended by WHO, suggesting potential for human risk posed by long term accumulation of As in human body. Future studies should be focused on the time trends of POPs and EDCs in biota in Vietnam in order to predict future trend of contamination and to reveal new clues for understanding possible toxic impacts on aquatic organisms. The issues of arsenic contamination in groundwater and their chronic toxic implications on human health should be systematically investigated in the future.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2008

경찰청 교통사고통계자료에 따르면, 어린이 교통사고사망자숫자는 점차 감소추세에 있으나, 여전히 하루평균 약 1명 이상의 어린이가 사망하고 있는 실정이다. 어린이 교통사고의 유형에 있어서도 어린이 사상자의 $60{\sim}70%$ 이상이 보행 중 사고를 당하고 있고, 보행 중 사고의 대부분은 자동차로 인한 도로횡단 중 사고이며, 특히 무단횡단 사고가 많은 부분을 차지하고 있다. 어린이들이 많이 보행하는 학교주변. 집주변 또는 학교와 집사이의 통학로상의 교통 환경이 매우 열악함을 보여주고 있으며, 학교주변 어린이 통학로상의 교통 환경 개선의 필요성이 강하게 대두되고 있는 측면이다. 이에 대하여 정부에서는 1995년 이후로 학교주변 300m 이내를 어린이보호구역으로 지정하여 교통안전시설물을 설치하고 차량속도를 규제하는 등 교통 환경을 개선하여 어린이교통사고 예방에 노력을 기울이고 있다. 어린이보호구역의 지정에 관한 기준을 조사하고 문제점을 분석함으로서 효과적이고 정량적인 어린이보호구역 지정에 관한 방법을 제시하였다. 어린이의 교통행동특성과 어린이교통사고, 어린이보호구역 내의 교통사고 자료를 분석하여 어린이교통사고의 특성을 파악하고, 어린이보호구역 내 교통사고의 위험요인을 도출하여 각 위험요인별 세부항목을 구분하였다. 각각의 세부항목은 교통사고에 영향을 미치는 정도에 따라 위험등급을 부여하고, 이를 종합하여 어린이보호구역의 지정기준에 관한 방법론을 제시하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1889-1894
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• 2013

Background: Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (BSCCE) is a rare and distinctive tumor with no standard treatment. This study aimed to explore treatment in relation to prognosis of the disease. Methods: A total of 142 patients with BSCCE that underwent treatment in our hospital from March 1999 to July 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients received surgery, 42 postoperative radiotherapy and 28 patients chemotherapy. Results: There were 26 patients included in stage I, 60 in stage II, 53 in stage III and 3 in stage IV. The clinical symptoms and macroscopic performances of BSCCE did not differ from those of typical esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Among 118 patients receiving endoscopic biopsy, only 12 were diagnosed with BSCCE. The median survival time (MST) of the entire group was 32 months, with 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) of 81.4%, 46.8% and 31.0%, respectively. The 5-year OS of stage I and II patients was significantly longer than that of stages III/IV, at 60.3%, 36.1% and 10.9%, respectively (p<0.001, p=0.001). The MST and 5-year OS were 59.0 months and 47.4% in patients with tumors located in the lower thoracic esophagus, and 27.0 months and 18.1% in those with lesions in the upper/middle esophagus (p=0.002). However, the survival was not significantly improved in patients undegoing adjunctive therapy. Multivariate analysis showed TNM stage and tumor location to be independent prognostic factors. Furthermore, distant metastasis was the most frequent failure pattern, with a median recurrence time of 10 months. Conclusion: BSCCE is an aggressive disease with rapid progression and a propensity for distant metastasis. It is difficult to make a definitive diagnosis via preoperative biopsy. Multidisciplinary therapy including radical esophagectomy with extended lymphadenectomy should be recommended, while the effectiveness of radiochemotherapy requires further validation for BSCCE.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.430-437
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• 2013

본 연구는 정상 청력인에서 시간 변화 (i.e., 압축과 확장)와 선택적 단어 강조법이 문장인지도에 영향을 미칠수 있는지를 평가하였다. 정상 청력을 지닌 성인 20명이 연구에 참여 하였다. 자극음으로 한국표준 일반용 문장표(KS-SL-A)가 사용되었고, 문법적으로는 적절하지만 의미론적으로는 변칙적이고 무의미하게 재구성한 후, 여성 화자에 의해 녹음하였다. 시간 변화는 7단계 (e.g., ${\pm}60%$, ${\pm}40%$, ${\pm}20%$, 0 %)의 압축 및 확장으로 조절하였다. 이 때 선택적 단어 강조법 (i.e., 문장 내에서 특정 단어를 강조)의 효과를 보기 위하여 모든 대상자들에게 2주 간격으로 두 번 검사를 시행하였다. 연구 결과 1) 시간 변화에 따른 문장인지도 정반응률은 60 % 압축 조건에서만 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았다. 2) 선택적 단어의 강조 유무에 따른 문장인지도의 정반응률은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 6 ~ 7개의 어절로 이루어진 장문장의 자극음을 사용할 경우, 40 % 압축 조건에서 단어가 +6 dB 강조되었을 때, 유의하게 정반응률이 향상되었다. 3) 성별에 따른 문장인지도의 정반응률은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 본 연구의 결과는 조금 빠른 시간 압축과 선택적 단어 강조법을 함께 사용했을 때가 시간 확장만 사용하였을 때보다 문장을 이해하는데 더 효과적임을 시사하고 있다. 그러나 후속 연구에 의한 표준화 자료가 동반되어야 하겠다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 최근 새롭게 발견된 low-rate TCP (LRT) 공격과 이 공격을 감지하기 위한 DTW (Dynamic Time Warping) 알고리즘을 분석하고 공격 검출에 대한 성능 향상을 위한 스케일링 기반 DTW (Scaling based DTW; S-DTW) 알고리즘을 소개한다. Low-rate TCP 공격은 대용량 트래픽을 사용한 기존 서비스 거부 공격과는 다르게 공격 트래픽의 평균 트래픽 양이 적어서 기존 DoS 공격에 대한 감지 방식으로는 검출되지 않는다. 그러나 LRT 공격은 주기적이고 짧은 버스트 트래픽으로 TCP 연결의 최소 재전송 타임아웃 (Retransmission Timeout; RTO)에 대한 취약성을 공격하기 때문에 패턴 매칭으로 공격 감지가 가능하다. 기존 메커니즘에 의한 감지 기법은 공격 패턴의 입력 샘플 템플릿을 기준으로 입력 트래픽이 정상 트래픽인지 또는 공격 트래픽인지를 판별한다. 이 과정에서 입력 트래픽의 특성에 따라서 DTW 알고리즘은 정상 트래픽을 공격 트래픽으로 오판하는 문제점을 갖는다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 오판을 줄이기 위하여 기존 DTW 알고리즘의 전처리 과정인 자기상관 (auto-correlation) 처리를 분석하여 오판을 규명한다. 또한 스케일링 기반으로 자기상관 처리 결과를 수정하여 공격 트래픽과 정상 트래픽의 특성의 차이를 증가시킴으로써 DTW 알고리즘에 의한 공격 감지 능력을 향상시킨다 마지막으로 다양한 스케일링 방식과 표준편차에 의한 트래픽 분석 방법도 논의된다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.140-149
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 지르코니아 에칭에 의한 표면변화가 지르코니아 코어와 도재 사이의 결합강도에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 전단결합강도 실시하였고, 표면의 변화를 관찰하기 위한 SEM 측정, 에칭처리에 따른 지르코니아의 성분변화를 알아보기 위해 EDS 분석을 실시하였다. 그리고 구강상태에서 15~20년의 저온열화현상을 재현하기 위해 저온 열화 처리를 시행하여 전단결합강도 평가를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과가 도출되었다. 1. 에칭처리를 시행하지 않은 시편과 에칭처리를 시행한 시편의 전단결합강도를 비교할 경우 에칭한 시편의 전단결합강도가 큰 것을 알 수 있다. 이는 에칭용액이 지르코니아코어 표면에 interlocking을 형성하여 기계적인 결합을 높여 주었을 것이라고 생각된다. 2. 전단결합강도의 결과(EZ>AEZ>NEZ>ANEZ)를 보았을 때 통계적으로는 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 저온열화처리를 하지 않고 에칭처리를 한 EZ군이 전단결합강도가 가장 큰 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 파절 양상에서도 EZ군에서만 응집파절을 보여 가장 결합강도가 높다는 결과를 도출할 수 있다. 결론적으로 저온열화처리 여부에 관계없이 표면에칭처리를 한 시편의 전단결합강도가 큰 것으로 나타나 지르코니아 표면의 에칭처리로 인한 interlocking의 형성이 기계적인 결합을 향상시키는 요인이 되었다고 생각된다.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.94-109
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• 2000

The chances of disease pattern increased the importance of Health-promoting Lifestyle and a large part of the Health-promoting Lifestyle is associated with individual's habit. Health-promoting Lifestyle among nurses is very important because nurses could be a role model of patients and possibly influence many patients. The purpose of this study was oat on1y to assess how hospital nurses practice their Health-promoting Lifestyle but also to identify those affecting determinants. The subjects were 392 nurses working at 3 different hospital in Seoul. These data were collected by self administered questionnaire from April 27 to May 20, 2000. This study examined Health-promoting Lifestyle using In Sook Park's model, individual characteristics. Behavior-specific Cognitions and Affect factors using Pender's model and tried to fine out their relationships. The instruments used in this study were Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile developed by In Sock Park(1995). Likert's four-point scale was used also in this research. The percentage, mean standard deviation, AVNOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression in the SAS package were used to analyze the data. The results of this study were as follows; 1. 52.3% of sample were aged between 25 and 29, 67.1% were single, 55.6% were university graduates, 51.8% earned 1.5 to 2.0 million won, 57.9% slept for d to 8 hours, 74.5% stated they were healthy. 2. 32.7% of sample worked in surgical gird department, 82.4% worked in 3 shift, 26.3% have been working as nurses for 5 to 7 years. Average score of Perceived self-efficacy was 3.63, Perceived benefits of action was 3.25, Social support was 2.75, and Perceived barriers to action was 1.87 which was the lowest score. 3. The average score if the performance in Health-promoting Lifestyle variable was 2.45 which was lower than previous study. The sanitary life Was 3.18 which was the highest score, harmonious relationship 3.13, emotional support 2.90. The variable with the highest degree of performance was the sanitary life, whereas the one with the west degree was the health diet. 4. There were no significant difference in perceived benefits of action with individual's a character, but in Perceived bait his of action there were significant differences with age(p<.01), marital status(p<.05), housing(p<.05), and Perceived health status(p<.05). In Perceived self-efficacy, there were significant differences with educational level(p<05), sleeping hours(p<.05), and BMI(p<.05). In Social support here were significant difference with housing and sleeping hours.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.1074-1079
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• 1996

적갈색을 띄는 연체부위의 긴 발을 가지는 새조개는 육질과 맛이 닭고기와 비슷하며 단맛이 많이 나서 패류 중 고가품으로 취급되고 식용으로 호평받고 있어 약간 데친 후 동결하여 주로 일본으로 수출하고 있다. 그러나 자숙과정에서 기다란 연체부의 적갈색 색소가 상당량 소실 또는 변퇴색을 일으켜 상품성을 잃기 쉽다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기다란 연체부의 발을 가지고 이 부위에 적갈색의 색소를 띄고 있는 새조개의 탈각, 자숙 및 동결처리 과정에서 적갈색 색소의 소실을 방지하여 상품성을 높이기 위한 방안의 하나로 새조개 연체부의 적갈색 색소를 추출, 분리하고, 색소의 이화학적인 특성을 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 새조개 색소의 추출은 먼저 연체부위의 색소를 일단 물에서 벗겨낸 후 여과하고, 물로써 3회 수세하여 소량의 2N NaOH용액에 용해시켜 추출하였다. 2N NaOH-ace-tone(1 : 1) 혼합용액을 전개용매로 하여 preparative-TLC를 행하여 불순물을 제거한 새조개 색소액은 자외부 및 가시부 흡수스펙트럼을 측정하였을 때 표준품 melanin과 동일한 226nm에서 단일의 큰 흡수대를 보였고, 표준품으로 사용한 melanin과 분리된 색소를 물, methanol, acetone, ethyl ether, hexane, formic acid, HCI용액 및 NaOH용액에서 용해시켰을 때 NaOH용 액에서만 용해되었고, 과산화수소에서는 단시간에 표백이 일어나 거의 무색으로 탈색되어 표준품 melanin 과 동일한 상태를 나타내었다. 이것으로 미루어 새조개에서 추출한 색소는 melanin형 색소로 동정하였다. 새조개 색소를 $온도70^{\circ}C,$ $80^{\circ}C,$ $90^{\circ}C및$ $100^{\circ}C에서$ 시간별로 가열시켰을 때 가열 초기에 색소의 파괴가 빠르게 일어나, 가열 1시간 후 색소의 잔존율이 $70^{\circ}C,$ $80^{\circ}C,$ $90^{\circ}C$ 및 $100^{\circ}C에서$ 각각 98.2%, 97.3%, 95.3% 및 94.1% 였고, 가열 8시간 후의 잔존율은 각각 95.0%, 93.3%, 90.8%및 87.6%로 나타나 대체로 열에 대하여 안정성이 높았다.