• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.1768-1773
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• 2010

CEN/TS 45545 is Europe consolidation standard for fire safety on railway behicles. This is based on the International Union of Railways(UIC) and different European countries. It is intended to protect passengers and staff in railway in the event of a fire on board. It will be prepared in 2012. Based on this consolidate standard, they are going to make single market, for raising technical competitiveness, technical innovation and globalization of that standard. For this reason, European academies, manufacturers, and sub-manufacturers confer and stady animated about CEN/TS 45545. In Korea, get out the safety assessment for ues incombustible interior material, the needs of quantitative analysis on fire protection, demand on recognition of fire protection scenario, and define about fire load analysis are becomin more and more important. Therefore, this paper will estimate and compare Flammability, Smoke Density, Toxicity Index( this is the key point for appraised fire safety performance of material) between CEN/TS45545 and fire standards on railway vehicle. Then suggest criteria for fire safety on railway vehicles.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2011

The automatic fire detection system is an important facility installed with focusing on minimizing the damage from a fire. This paper presents in the followings as the methods to reduce the false alarm of the automatic fire detection system; first, to prepare for legal standard so that revised legal standard can be applied to the fire fighting property prior to revision; second, to introduce the performance based fire detection protection design in the law based fire protection design; third, to maintain the wiring of worn-out detector; forth, to introduce an evaluation system to the education for the fire warden; fifth, to extend the standard of MTBF(meantime between failure) of the detector; sixth, to extend of installing the analog type detector; seventh, to improve the structure of reset switch.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.50-58
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• 2009

Fire can cause severe damages to human lives, properties, and environment resources regardless to where the fire will be happened and the evaluation methods for fire impact against fire objects such as human, properties are different among nations around the world. ISO TC 92 (Fire safety) has 4 sub committees to develop international standard to harmonize each nation standards and evaluate fire impact and the experts from all around the world participate in preparing international standards on fire. The main purpose of this study is to suggest a new road-map for domestic fire resistant standard of building structures. To make a new road-map two activities of the ISO's major committees and the countermeasures of fire safety from our standards were investigated.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.103-110
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• 2012

Objectives : Fire needling has been applied as the treatment for various diseases and been getting much attention from Oriental medicine due to its excellent effectiveness as the results of clinical studies have reported. However, the research findings on the safety of treatment method, materials for the Fire needling needle materials and the possibility of burn injury during the procedure are still insufficient. Methods : A thermo imaging camera was used to confirm the temperature distribution on acupuncture needle and the treatment area during the fire needling therapy. Then the degree of thermal injury was observed by H&E stain and TUNEL assay. In addition, in order to assess the safety of acupuncture materials, we conducted MTT assay using a L6 cell line. Results : The average temperature of the skin surface was observed at $47{\sim}51^{\circ}C$ after classic fire needling and $30^{\circ}C$ after warming fire needling. Warming fire needling therapy does not induce a burn on the tissue and a third degree burn was observed locally in the muscle and skin layers after classic fire needling treatment. This confirms that hwa-acupuncture therapies do not cause major burns. According to the safety assessment test result, no cytotoxicity was detected in the warming fire needling materials. This confirms the safety of the acupuncture materials Conclusions : Various research results on the biological safety of fire needling. Since fire needling therapy induces a burn locally without leaving any scar, and as other results indicate, it is considered a safe treatment method.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.73-75
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• 2008

Fire engineering design method based on structural performance of buildings has been developed through all of the worlds since the early 1960's. But recently the worlds have been changed rapidly in aspects of global community and mutural free trade circumstances. Therefore the concepts of fire design on structural performance need to harmonize among countries that have their own unique regulations and ISO TC 92 and SC 4 have worked in order to make the united international standard.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2001

In order to improve the adhesion test methods for fire hose, 7 kinds of standards (KOFEIS, UL, FM, NFPA, BS, Chinese standard, JIS, JFEII standard) in 5 countries (Korea, USA, UK, China, Japan) were compared and adhesion tests were conducted by using the samples choosed randomly from the product produced in Korea. It was concluded that the sample size, the rate of seperation of a strip of the lining from the janet and standard judgment should be more differed and divided in accordance with the fire hose number in adhesion test to get the high Quality of fire hose.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.77 no.5
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• pp.661-672
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• 2021

In this article, the role of spans number and length in fire-resistance ratings (FRRs) of fireproofed steel frames are investigated. First, over a span-lengthening scenario, two one- and three-bay frames under the ISO834 fire are examined. It is shown that the FRRs of the frames rely highly on the changes made on their span length. Second, a building designed for three spans number of three, four, and five under natural fire is investigated. The beams are designed for two load-capacity-ratios (LCRs) of optimum and ultimate. The fire curves are determined through a probabilistic-based approach. It is shown that the structural vulnerability vastly increases while the number of spans decreases. The results show that for an optimum LCR, while the five-span frame can meet the required FRR in 87% of the fire scenarios, the four- and three-span frames can meet the required FRR in only 56%, and 50% of the fire scenarios, respectively. For an ultimate LCR, the five-, four- and three-span frames can meet the required FRR in 81%, 50%, and 37.5% of the fire scenarios, respectively. Functional solutions are then proposed to resolve the insufficiencies in the results and to rectify the application of the standard-based FRRs in the cases studied. The study here highlights how employing current standard-based FRRs can endanger structural safety if they are not connected to structural characteristics; a crucial hint specifically for the structural engineering community who may be not well familiar with the fundamentals of performance-based approaches.

• Fire Protection Technology
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• s.55
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• pp.7-12
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• 2013

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.13-20
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• 2013

Buildings in Korea have been getting higher recently and been being changed environmentally since the Korean fire standard was released in 1968. It should be established to make a appropriate correspondence of fire fighting against the those environmental changes. Most of all, fire water capacity which is basis of fire fighting service is a very significant factor. In this paper, the Korean fire water capacity and fire water duration were compared with China, Japan and the United states. Furthermore, fire water capacity, fire water duration, flow rate were compared by hazard classification, occupant use, number of floor and area with water based fire suppression system. This study has been surveyed to show what are difference, similarity, advantage and disadvantage on fire water capacity in the Korean standard comparing with neighboring countries like China, Japan as well as the United states. This study could be found what level the Korean fire water capacity is. So it suggests about more developed standard on fire water capacity with the result of analysis and comparison.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.67-76
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• 2018

Among the firefighting facilities, the fire department connection during firefighting is more important than any other facilities at the firefighting site to supply fire water. This study examined the water supply port of a fire department connection installed at an apartment building based on the Standard for Fire Safety (NFSC 502). The time of discovery was measured by fire fighters who knew or did not know of the water supply port installed in the apartment building, and by separating day and night. To maximize the use of the fire department connection which is the full fire extinguisher facility used by the fire brigade based on the results of the experiment, the author suggests improvement proposals that can clarify the installation location and install the location sign of the fire department connection for the Standard for Fire Safety (NFSC 502).