• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.766-771
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• 1995

The trachea is defined as the airway from the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage to the top of the carinal spur. This paper would confirm the normal tracheal length of Korean adults through the actual measurement using the fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The subjects of this study were 25 patients, 13 males and 12 females between the age of 20 to 69 without abnormality on the neck, trachea, mediastinum and lung pharenchyme on the preoperative chest X-ray, who received the operations from the period of July to September, 1994. For those patients who had heart diseases, the cardiothoracic ratio was below 50%. The measurement was performed on the patients with endotracheal intubation under the general anesthesia in supine and neutral position. The tracheal length was calculated by the difference between the length from the tip of the endotracheal tube [E-tube to carina and to the needle which was inserted into the E-tube at the lower border of the palpated cricoid cartilage, by inserting the broncoscopy through the E-tube. The result was as follow : 1 The measured tracheal length for men was 11.8 0.2 cm[mean standard deviation and women was 10.5 0.3 cm, and that was longer than this [p<0.01 . The average was 11.2 1.0 cm and the standard error was 0.20 cm. 2 According to the correlation between the tracheal length to weight, height[Ht , age, and body surface area[BSA respectively, the Ht [p=0.003 , age [p=0.055 , and the BSA[p=0.017 were significant, while weight was not [p=0.314 . 3 From the regression analysis of the tracheal length[T.L. to the Ht, Age, and the BSA which were significant, the following equation was derived.i Ht : T.L.= -1.29 + 0.076 x Ht [P=0.003 ii Age: T.L.= 10.04 + 0.028 x Age [P=0.055 iii BSA : T.L.= 5.60 + 3.48 x BSA [P=0.017 iv In multi-regression : T.L. = -4.15 + 0.034 x Age + 0.085 x Ht [P=0.0002]

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.128-162
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• 1996

Using Random Sampling, the authors measured the body heights and weights of 31,151 persons - 17,102 in males and 14,049 in females from metropolitan, urban and rural areas between 6 to over 80 year old - for the purpose of investigating the type and the actual condition of the Korean's growth and development. At first, on the basis of the results, the authors measured the growth and development, various kinds of physiques, nutritional index of the 6 to 20s age group. Second, the authors presented the standard body weight of males and females by their body height, who were in the end of their growth (20-29 age group). Third, the authors calculated and presented the normal adapted body weight of the age group who were over 30 age after the growth had been completed. Forth, the author presented the obesity rate of the adults over 20 years old by body mass index. Finally, the authors compared chronological change of the Koreans' body heights and body weights with the results of other researchers. 1. Body Measurement Rapid growth, in terms of body height, which is described by a straight line on a growth curve has been observed among males in the ages 6-13 and among females 6-14. That growth curve turned out to be slower among the people of higher ages by both sexes. The cross-over occurred in both sexes at 11-14. The highest growth rate for a year is at 13-16 for males and 11-13 for females. This indicates that females enter a rapidly growing stage 2 years earlier than males. 2. Various Physiques and Nutritional Index Rapid growth, in terms of Relative Body Weight Index, which is described by a straight line, has been observed among males in the ages 6-16 and females in the ages 6-14. The cross-over occurred in both sexes 12.5-14.5 age in the adolescencent period. Whereupon females outgrow males. The Roher Index displayed more good value in case of females than male and in the adolescent period, the level of fullness is lower than after the completion of development. The Kaup Indices of both sexes increase with age. The index is less than 2.0 for males in 6-14 age group and for females in 6-13 age group and with this, it appeared that development of horizontal axis to long axis is poor. The index is more than 2.0 after 15 age group in males and 14 age group in females and developmental state4 age group and for females in 6-13 age group and with this, it appeared that development of horizontal axis to long axis is poor. The index is more than 2.0 after 15 age group in males and 14 age group in females and developmental state Body Mass Index is less than 20 for males 6-14 age group and for females in 6-13 age group. In the case of the higher age group, that index maintains a normal state.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.6 s.154
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• pp.892-903
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• 2006

This study was to carry out interview and survey of currently marketed foundation garment, focusing on manufacturers, on the basis of data of Year 2004 SIZE KOREA in 2004, to re-establish suitable age range and standard size, to simplify size interval scale and size system and to revise the standard for consumers' easy understanding and availability; The findings of this study are as follows. 1. Considering the age, in which a bra is worn, has reduced socially, the applicable age range was expanded into $8{\sim}80$ years old, which was divided into for junior and for adult. 2. For bra size, the standard title changed into the foundation garments size standard, in which girdle and bodysuit were included. 3. Basic physical parts for establishing for bra size are underbust and bust. Interval scale of under bust and bust was 5cm and 2.5cm, respectively. And basic physical parts are waist and hip girth for girdle, and underbust, bust, and hip girth for bodysuit. 4. For bra size, underbust girth was applied together with bra-cup size without 'cm' unit. For bra-cup size, difference between underbust and bust was represented as English alphabet. In other words, AAA means that difference between under bust and bust is 5cm. AA, A, B, C and D means that the difference are 7.5cm, 10cm, 12.5cm, 15cm and 17.5cm. 5. For girdle size, waist girth was applied together with hip girth without 'cm' unit. And for bodysuit size, underbust girth was applied together with cup size like bra size, and English alphabet represented hip girth range.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.131-143
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• 2003

This treatise deals with the profitable suit image design of middle-aged men by examining visual effects in physical design. The sample of this study is people who lives in Kwangju, the Republic of Korea and 20-50 age's men and women. And it is very variety in each population statistics factors the differences of associate design visual effect which considering the difference of sex and age group, numbers of button, a figure and material pattern. Firstly, look into the associate design visual effect by sex and button number. In men's group, the style with three buttons was the most attractive and that with two buttons was the least attractive. In 50's group, the style with two buttons was the least attractive and those with 1.3 and 4 buttons were a little attractive. Secondly, in the difference of associate design with sex and shape, men's group was considered that standard type was the most attractive shape, women's group was thought that lean and standard types were the most attractive shape. So we can know that the attractive shape is different with sex. In the difference of association design with age and shape, 20's considered that standard type was the most modernistic and fat type was the least modernistic. 30's considered that lean type was the most modernistic and 50's thought that fat type and standard type were the most modernistic. Thirdly, see the sex and material pattern. In familarity, men's group considered that stripe pattern was more familiar than checks and plain patterns. And they considered that striped pattern and plain was more manly than checks. In sex and material pattern, 20's thought that plain was the most attractive, stripe was the next, and checks was not attractive. 40's estimated that plain and stripe were more attractive than checks. 50's judged that stripe was the most attractive material. Thus. the attraction is different with ages and material patterns.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.246-252
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• 2016

This paper presents basic supporting data necessary for planning an educational intervention strategy as part of a communication strategy that would form an extensive national consensus on and enhance national understanding of irradiated foods. A survey was conducted to collect data on the knowledge, attitude, and behavior with regard to irradiated foods among community. It appeared 133 male (36.5%) and 231 women persons (63.5%). After irradiated food were analyzed, whole knowledge, attitude, and behavior standard to the irradiated food is 2.32, 11.90, and 12.92 scores respectively. The knowledge, attitude, behavior of irradiated foods according to person characteristics were analyzed. The knowledge on irradiated food was statistical difference by gender, age, education standard and occupation (p<0.05), whereas no statistical difference marriage (p>0.05). The attitude on irradiated food was statistical difference by age, education standard and occupation (p<0.05), whereas no statistical difference gender (p>0.05). The behavior on irradiated food was statistical difference by age, education standard and occupation (p<0.05), whereas no statistical difference gender and marriage (p>0.05). The coefficient of correlation of knowledge and attitude in irradiated food showed positive correlation of r=0.324 (p<0.01). The coefficient of correlation of knowledge and behavior in irradiated food showed negative correlation of r=-0.118 (p<0.05). The coefficient of correlation of attitude and behavior in irradiated food showed negative correlation of r=-0.316 (p<0.01).

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.396-414
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• 2000

This study was conducted to explore the knowledge of sex, attitude toward sex, sexual satisfaction, the differences of these variables according to the general characteristics, and the correlation of these variables in married women. The data were collected from March 25 to May 20, 2000 by using a mailed questionnaire. The number of subjects were 228 married women in the area of Seoul. Kyunggi-Do and Chungchung-Do. The questionnaire consisted of 67 items including item concerning general characteristics, knowledge of sex, attitude toward sex, and sexual satisfaction. The results were as follows : 1. The mean score and standard deviation of the knowledge of sex was $13.76\pm3.01$ with the range from 5 to 20. The mean score and standard deviation of the attitude toward sex was $57.28\pm9.65$ with the range from 31 to 85 score. The mean score and standard deviation of the sexual satisfaction was $33.15\pm6.54$ with the range from 17 to 48 score 2. The variables influencing on knowledge of sex were children number, women's education level. husband's education level. women's job, economic level. and menstruation status. 3. The variables influencing attitude toward the sex were women's age, husband's age, marriage term, children number, women's religion, economic level. menstruation status, and information acquirement about sex. 4. The variables influencing sexual satisfaction were women's age, husband's age, economic level. menstruation status, and information acquirement about sex. 5. Regarding relationship among the knowledge of sex, the attitude toward sex and the sexual satisfaction, those respondents who had more knowledge of sex had more open attitude toward sex and those respondents who had more open attitude toward sex had higher sexual satisfaction.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.369-375
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• 2017

In this study, it was intended to compare the two methodologies for forest management project through extension of rotation age: Korean Forest Carbon Offset Standard (KFOS) and Verified Carbon Standard (VCS). The amount of carbon removals and offset credits based on the two methodologies and their trends were analyzed in this study. The major difference between two methodologies were found at the process of estimation of baseline carbon removals. For instance, average carbon stock during the project period was used for estimation of baseline carbon removals in KFOS, while average carbon stock change during the 100 years was used in VCS. Due to the different approach for estimation of baseline carbon removal, the estimated offset credits were also different according to the two methodologies. In this study, 15 project scenarios were considered for comparison of two methodologies : 5 major coniferous stands in Korea (Pinus densiflora in Gangwon region, Pinus densiflora in Central region, Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis, Chamaecyparis obtusa) with 3 project periods (30, 35, 40 years). The results showed that estimated carbon offset credits based on the KFOS methodology were higher for all 15 scenarios compared to those based on the VCS methodology. The KFOS showed a steep decline in the annual offset credit as project period gets longer, thus it is not desirable for projects with longer period. VCS is more acceptable for longer projects with a small difference according to the project periods. The results also indicated that Pinus densiflora in Gangwon, Pinus koraiensis, and Larix leptolepis are more desirable species for forest management project through the extension of ration age.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.3 s.51
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• pp.651-662
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• 1995

In Korea there is no specific method of age adjustment in noise induced hearing loss(NIHL). We attempted the age adjustment to understand the effects of age on the diagnosis of NIHL. We used the International Standard Organization 1999 as an age adjustment method. We used the 1, 617 otologically normal person's hearing data from a health examination center, and 206 workers diagnosed as NIHL. We concluded as follows; 1. The ISO 7029 function used for age specific hearing loss is not suited to Korean people. 2. The mean of age specific hearing loss is 11.0 6.2dB and the older of age, the more decrease on hearing loss, especially in 4000Hz. 3. The difference of NIHL between before age adjustment and after age adjustment in the 3rd decade is 5.4dB, in the 4th decade is 6.7dB, in the 5th decade is 8.5dB, in the 6th decade is 10.4dB, and in the 7th decade is 12.9dB. The older, the more is the difference. 4. After age adjustment, the number of workers diagnosed as NIHL decreases to 60% of unadjusted.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.151-164
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• 2014

This study was conducted to explore the relationships between the elderly's existential identity and psychological well-being in accordance with the elderly's age-identity so as to improve the quality of life in the elderly with prolonged lives. The data were collected from respondents who were more than 60 years in age who live in city Suncheon. The statistics used for the data analysis were reliability, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, one way analysis of variance, and multiple regression. The results of this study were as follows: (1) A majority of the elderly (49.8%) acknowledged psychological age as actual age. (2) The degrees of the elderly's existential identity was 54.90, while the degree of the elderly's psychological well-being was 33.07. (3) The elderly's existential identity level was significantly affected by economic state, spouse, age-identity, monthly living expenses, household, religion, career, age, and health state. Further, the elderly's psychological well-being level was significantly affected by existential identity, economic state, spouse, health state, age-identity, monthly living expenses, household, education, career, and age. (4) The variables that affect the elderly's existential identity were age-identity, economic state, health state, religion, monthly living expenses, and career, indicating an explanatory power of 38%. Moreover the variables that affect the elderly's psychological well-being were existential identity, age-identity, economic state, health state, and monthly living expenses, explaining approximately 55% of the total variance.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3229-3232
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• 2012

In this study, cancer incidence data were assessed to provide various rates of five year age groups for a given year, lying between two census years. The individual exponential growth rate method is most useful in both population-based and non-population cased cancer registries in India to estimate the population by five yearly age groups and also find the rates of crude rates, age standard rates and cumulative rates. This method has been shown to endure from bias and often results sacrificing the overall growth rate and correction factor must be needful in five year age group population to maintain it. A second method, the difference distribution method is also able to maintain the overall growth rate and overcome the bias in estimation of five yearly age group populations. From this point of view these methods serving a new technique for population estimation by five yearly age groups for inter census years.