• 품질경영학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.199-220
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the score data released by the Korea Institute of Curriculum and Evaluation to find out the problems with the current scoring system provided by the College Scholastic Ability Test and to suggest improvement measures to solve these problems. Methods: We calculated the descriptive statistics of the standard scores using the frequency distribution table of the standard scores and identified the characteristics of the standard scores by expressing the distribution as a graph. Also, we developed an index to evaluate whether each stanine level was stably assigned and calculated the indexes for each area/subject by using the data on the number of examinees for each level. Results: We found that the relationship of conversion from raw scores to integerized standard scores is different depending on the size of the standard deviation of the raw scores, and identified the problem that the raw score information is not fairly reflected in the calculation of the percentile and level as the two raw scores are converted to one standard score. This problem can be solved by calculating the standard score to a decimal point. Conclusion: In this study, as a way to improve the quality of the scores of the current CSAT, the standard score and percentile decimal notation, the specific regulations of the standard score and stanine level calculation method, and the expansion of the open range of the scores were suggested.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.156-165
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to apply a dementia prevention program to the subjects who were suspected of dementia and test its effect. This study was one group pretest-posttest design. The dementia prevention program was applied for 20 weeks to the 19 subjects who were suspected of dementia after a screen test among 638 subjects enrolled in 10 senior citizen's centers in G city. The scores of self-efficacy, cognition, quality of life were measured before and after the program. The data collected were analyzed using a SPSS (statistical analysis system) program, and frequencies, averages and standard deviations were obtained. The differences of the scores of the pretest and posttest were analyzed with Mann-Whitney test and sign test. The results were as follows: 1. After the program, the average score of self-efficacy was increased from 75.31 (standard deviation 11.99) to 84.26 (standard deviation 13.92). 2. There are no differences between the average scores of physical and psychological quality of life, however, the average score of social quality of life was slightly increased from 2.25 (standard deviation 0.40) to 2.53 (standard deviation 0.43), and the overall score of social quality of life was low. 3. The average score of cognition was significantly increased from 21.00 (standard deviation 2.60) to 24.58 (standard deviation 3.37), thus, it was found that the program was effective to improve the cognition level. 4. The score differences of self-efficacy, quality of life, cognition between the pretest and posttest were statistically significant. 5. The score differences of quality of life between the pretest and posttest were found to be dependent on marital status, exercise and regular checkup yes or no. In conclusion, the program was effective to prevent the subjects suspected of dementia from dementia.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.453-462
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• 2017

성향점수 매칭은 관찰연구에서 처리효과 추정 시 혼란변수에 의한 편의를 줄이기 위해 자주 사용되는 방법이다. 매칭을 위해 처리군에 대응되는 대조군 선정 시 처리군의 일부가 탈락되는 경우가 발생할 수 있는데, 이로 인해 편의가 발생할 수 있다. 최근, Austin (2017)의 연구에서 이중 성향점수 보정(double propensity score adjustment)방법을 사용하는 것이 이에 대한 해결책이 될 수 있음을 제시하였다. 하지만, 처리효과 추정치의 표준오차는 이론적 추정치가 제시되지 않아 추정에 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 이중 성향점수 보정 방법을 이용한 처리효과 추정치의 표준오차 추정을 위하여 두 가지 붓스트랩 방법을 제안한다. 첫 번째는 원 자료에서 성향점수 매칭 후 매칭 된 표본에서 붓스트랩 표본을 얻는 방법(simple 붓스트랩)이고, 두 번째는 원 자료에서 붓스트랩을 먼저 시행하고 각 붓 스트랩 표본에서 성향점수 매칭을 하는 방법(complex 붓스트랩)이다. 두 방법의 성능을 비교하기 위하여 다양한 상황을 가정하여 모의실험을 시행한 결과 complex 붓스트랩 방법이 경험적 표준오차와 더 가까운 값으로 추정함을 알 수 있었다. 95% 신뢰구간의 포함확률도 complex 방법을 사용했을 때 0.95에 훨씬 가까웠다. 실제 자료에 적용하였을 때에도 simple 방법은 complex 방법에 비해 표준오차를 작게 추정하였다.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affect nursing students' performance on standard precaution of infection control. Methods: For the analysis of the study results, mistakes and percentages, descriptive statistics, Pearson's coefficient, and multiple regression analysis were performed. Results: Among the participants, 76.5% received hospital infection education, and 72.5% experienced an exposure to blood or body fluid, and the most of the exposures were occurred during the first semester of the third year. The knowledge score was $20.08{\pm}2.09$, the awareness score was $4.63{\pm}.41$, and the performance score was $4.34{\pm}.55$. In the relationship between the standard precautions knowledge, awareness, and performance, the awareness and the performance were in positive correlations, while the factors that affected the performance level of the standard precautions were awareness and the school year (third year), which had 37.0% of the total exposures. Conclusion: In order to increase the performance level of the standard precautions among the nursing department students, after identifying the differences between school years and demands of the students, it is necessary to provide continuous and regular education of standard precautions.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2013

Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design (G-SEED) is evaluates the eco-friendliness of the building as an abjective means. Study in green building is made actively, and is being developed through constant revision. However, study results of green building have not been fully reflected in the standard. Therefore, this study analyzes the previous studies about G-SEED and checks the reflection of requirements. This study will be a reference of future revision of G-SEED. Score of items are divided into low and high score items. These items should be reflected appropriately in the standard through the score adjustment. Some requirements proposed in previous studies was reflected, while substantial requirements was not reflected. Proposed improvement requirements are classed as to establish specific standards, strengthen standards, propose a new evaluation method to existing items, and add new items.

• Korean journal of medical education
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.347-357
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to apply alternative standard setting methods for the Korean Medical Licensing Examination (KMLE), a criterion-referenced written examination, and to compare them to the conventional cut score used on the KMLE. Methods: The process and results of criterion-referenced standard settings (i.e., the modified-Angoff and bookmark methods) were evaluated. The ratio of passing and failing examinees determined using these alternative standard setting methods was compared to the results of the conventional criteria. Additionally, the external, internal and procedural evaluation of these methods were reviewed. Results: The modified-Angoff method yielded the highest cut score, followed sequentially by the conventional method and the bookmark method. The classification agreement between the modified-Angoff and bookmark methods was 0.720 measured by Cohen's ${\kappa}$ coefficient. The intra-panelist classification consistency of modified-Angoff method was higher than bookmark method. However, the inter-panelist classification consistency was vice versa. The standard setting panelists' survey results showed that the procedures of both methods were satisfactory, but panelists had more confidence in the results of the modified-Angoff method. Conclusion: The modified-Angoff method showed results that were more similar to those of the conventional method. Both new methods showed very high concordance with the conventional method, as well as with each other. The modified-Angoff method was considered feasible for adoption on the KMLE. The standard setting panelists responded positively to the modified-Angoff method in terms of its practical applicability, despite certain advantages of the bookmark method.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2011

The KGBCC(Korean Green Building Certification Criteria), which is the assessment standard of green buildings, is not enough to reflect all the current demands of residents. Therefore, the comparative analysis between the certification score and the residents' satisfaction of a promotional green apartment, a awarded green apartment, and a certified green building apartment was carried out to derive improvements of the KGBCC. The residents of selected three apartments were surveyed through the assessment items of the KGBCC. According to the research, the certified green building apartment shows the highest certification score and residents' satisfaction overall, compared with other two apartments. Finally, the improvements of KGBCC were determined through the reason of the residents' dissatisfaction. The KGBCC that is improved by this study can be used for the new assessment standard of green buildings.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.533-541
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• 1998

This study compares the growth performance(weight-for-age Z-score, height-for-age Z-score, weight-for-height Z-score) of one- to three- month-old Korean infants(n=232) with the Korean standard(1994) and NCHS reference(1983). The weight-for-age Z-scores(WAZ) by the Korean standard were -2∼1,5 for males and -3∼1 for females. The NCHS reference, WAZ results were -1∼2.5 and -2.5∼3.5 for males and females, respectively. The WAZ compared Korean standard showed no subjects with overnutrition. But 1.3% of the infants showed signs of malnutrition. Comparison with NCHS reference revealed that 0.4% of the infants were malnourished and 7.0% of the infants were overnourished. The WAZ of formula-fed infants were distributed higher than breast-fed infants, but that was not significant. The height-for-age Z-score(HAZ) by the Korean standard were -4.5%∼1.5% for males and -4∼1.5% for females. According to the NCHS reference, HAZ were -2.5%∼2.5% and -3∼3 for males and females, respectively. When the WAZ was compared with the Korean standard, there was no overnutrition but 16% of the infants showed signs of malnutrition. The NCHS reference, revealed that 6.9% of the infants were malnourished and 1.8% of the infants were ovemourished. The weight-for-height Z-scores(WHZ) by the Korean standard were -2∼5 for males and -2.5∼5 for females. The NCHS reference WAZ scores were -1∼4 and -1.5∼4.5 for males and females, respectively. When the WHZ was compared with the Korean standard, 2.2% of infants were malnourished and 19.5% were overnourished. There were no malnourished subjects according to the NCHS reference and 19.1% of the infants were overnourished. When the three Z-scores are considered together, 92.0% of the infants should a normal growth status, there was no malnutrition, and 8.0% of the infants were overnourished. The growth performance was evaluated differently according to the type of standards. Thus, it is necessary to set proper growth standards for infants, according to which classification of feeding methods is chosen. A longterm and careful assessment of infants's growth performances to develop any group of standards.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.1949-1953
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• 2014

Background: CA125 and HE4 are used in calculating Risk of Malignancy Algorithm (ROMA); and Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI). However, studies showed that normal levels of CA125, and HE4 differ among ethnicities such as between Asians and Caucasians, thus affecting the accuracy of the RMI score and ROMA in predicting ovarian malignancy. This study aimed to determine whether new or modified cutoff values for Ca125, HE4, the RMI score, and ROMA resulted in a better prediction of malignancy compared with the previous or standard ones. Materials and Methods: Serum level of CA125 and HE4 from 128 patients with diagnosis of ovarian tumor that had been collected before surgery at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (CMH) in Jakarta from November 2010 until May 2011 were reviewed and analysed. The standard cutoff values of these biomarkers, RMI, and ROMA were modified by using logistic regression model. The modified cutoff values were compared to the standard cutoff values in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Results: The modified cutoff value of CA125, HE4, RMI score and ROMA were 165.2 U/mL, 103.4 pM, 368.7, 28/54. The sensitivity and specificity of the modified cutoff values CA125, HE 4, RMI score and ROMA in differentiating benign from malignant and borderline were 67% and 75,4%; 73.1% and 85.2%; 73.1% and 80.3%; and 77.6% and 86.9%. While the sensitivity and specificity of the standard cutoff value of CA125; HE4; RMI score; and ROMA were 91% and 24.6%; 83.6% and 65%; 80.6% and 65.6%; and 91.0% and 42.6%. The accuracy of modified cutoff values compared with standard cutoff values were: 71.2% vs 59.3%, 78.9% vs 75% vs, 76.5% vs 73.4%, and 82% vs 67.9%. Conclusions: The new or modified cutoff values of Ca125, HE4, RMI score and ROMA resulted in higher accuracy compared to the previous or standard ones, at the cost of reduced sensitivity.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2016

G-SEED(Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design) is the certification system to evaluate environmental friendliness of buildings for the purpose of reducing environmental burden generated from the entire process of buildings, which is classified into 4 grades according to the evaluated score. Green building certification rule regulate to get over green 2nd grade for the public office buildings of $3000m^2$ or more. However, detailed measures on the applied level of each issue to obtain targeted certification grade have not been prepared yet. For each issue, the score distribution and the ratio of score in proportion to credit were analyzed by certification grade for office buildings which get the G-SEED certification. And applied level of issues were presented for each certification grade.