• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.119-126
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• 2008

Growth and yield prediction methods, ranging from whole-stand models to individual-tree models, have been developed for forest types managed for wood production. The resultant models are used for a host of purposes including inventory updating, management planning, evaluation of silvicultural alternatives, and harvest scheduling. Because of the large investment in developing growth and yield models for improved genotypes and silvicultural practices for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in the Southern United States, this region serves to illustrate approaches for modelling intensively managed forests. Analytical methods and computing power generally do not restrict development of reliable growth and yield models. However, long-term empirical observations on stand development, which are time consuming and expensive to obtain, often limit modelling efforts. Given that growth and yield models are used to project present volumes and to evaluate alternative treatment effects, data of both the inventory type and the experimental type are needed. Data for developing stand simulators for loblolly pine plantations have been obtained from a combination of permanent plots in operational forest stands and silvicultural experiments; these data collection efforts are described and summarized. Modelling is essential for integrating and synthesizing diverse information, identifying knowledge gaps, and making informed decisions. The questions being posed today are more complex than in the past, thus further accentuating the need for comprehensive models for stand development.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the ecological attributes of forest types which were classified by cluster analysis in the natural forest of Mt. Odae on the basis of the vegetation data (232 sampling points) from the point-quarter sampling methods. For the classified types, the species composition was expressed by importance value to describe the stand structure and the species diversity was quantified using the Shannon's diversity index. Recognized forest types were 1) Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora-Betula ermanii forest type, 2) Mixed mesophytic forest type, 3) Q. mongolica forest type, 4) B. ermanii forest type. Species diversity indices of total and overstory were highest in the Mixed mesophytic forest type (3.465 and 2.942), and lowest in the B. ermanii forest type (0.118 and 0.832). In addition to that, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora-B. ermanii forest type was calculated as 3.226 and 2.565, and Q. mongolica forest type was calculated as 2.776 and 1.218 in total and overstory, respectively. It was considered that after the P. densiflora and B. ermanii first invaded and site condition became good, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora-B. ermanii forest type was dominated by Q. mongolica. Mixed mesophytic forest type showed the most stable stand structure with various species distributed uniformly. Q. mongolica forest type would preserve the present stand status for a while, and the B. ermanii in B. ermanii forest type would be pressed by other species over time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1779-1785
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• 2010

The experiment is designed to create some useful data on the dressed shapes that contribute to simulating the adaptability of clothes. We studied the dressed shapes of blouse with above-elbow sleeves and sleeveless according to five types of arm movement (basic posture, reach forward 45, 90, and reach lateral 45, 90) in the stand-posture. Experiments were conducted to understand the dressed shape through 3-D measurement Vivid 910 and to investigate the width, depth, area distribution and gap of the shape of blouses on the section map with a software program for 3-D shape analysis, Rapid Form 2004. The Data were analyzed by factor analysis. The results of this study are as follows: The ratio of depth per width in the stand-posture was lower than other arm movements and the reach lateral was higher than the reach forward. The gap of the upper body was a briefed 4 factor; front, front-side, back, and back-side. It was higher than the sleeveless with a change of the gap in the dressed blouse with above-elbow sleeves by arm movements per stand-posture. The divisional gap shows the adaptability of clothes according to the types of blouse and arm movements in the change of the ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.407-418
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• 2004

A study of the comparison of customers' satisfaction and loyalty at McDonald's two types of outlets is presented. The objective of this study is to test correlation among selection attributes, customer satisfaction and loyalty of customers patronizing two types of Mcdonald's restaurants - stand alone and co-branded, as Mcdonald's is known to be actively participating in co-branding with discount stores such as E-Mart. In order to measure customer loyalty, benchmark scores from customers showing extreme satisfaction are compared to the mean scores of total sample customers at each outlet. Meeting or exceeding benchmarking scores does not automatically bring in and create loyal customers but in doing so will certainly help build up strong customer relationship which will create additional loyalty. Marketers should be well aware that statistically significant difference do exist between these two groups of customers and should take into consideration these findings in opening up new outlets or renovating existing outlets.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.865-870
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• 2003

A motion controller has been used variously in industry such as semiconductor manufacture equipment, industrial robot, assembly/conveyor line applications and CNC equipment. There are several types of controller in motion control. One of these is a PC-based motion controller such as PCI or ISA, and another is stand-alone motion controller. The PC bus-based motion controller is popular because of improving bus architectures and GUI (Graphic User Interface) that offer convenience of use to user. There are some problems in this. The PC bus-based solution allows for only one of the form factors, so it has a poor flexibility. The overall system package size is bigger than other motion control system. And also, additional axes of control require additional slot, however the number of slots is limited. Furthermore, unwieldy and many wirings come to connect plants or I/O. The stand-alone motion controller has also this limit of axes of control and wiring problems. To resolve these problems, controller must have capability of operating as stand-alone devices that resides outside the computer and it needs network capability to communicate to each motion device. In this paper, a network-based stand-alone motion system is proposed. This system integrates PC and motion controller into one stand-alone motion system, and uses CAN (Controller Area Network) as network protocol. Single board computer that is type of 3.5" FDD form factor is used to reduce the system size and cost. It works with Windows XP Embedded as operating system. This motion system operates by itself or serves as master motion controller that communicates to slave motion controller. The Slave motion controllers can easily connect to master motion system through CAN-network.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

This study looked into the change of tree growth of seven forest growth monitoring plots which were set up at the Undulyeong Hongchungun Kangwondo, and was accomplished to offer the basic data for the forest administration calculating carbon storage and removal in the Undulyeong area. Annual height and DBH growth were slowly progressed in the Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi stand which was young stand, but the growth rate of the other stands was lower than those young stand. The diameter class of the mixed forest and Qurcus mongilica stand was predicted to be similar to the now and Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi stand was predicted to move now diameter class to the high diameter class because thickening growth speed of the those stands were rapid. Now the end of 2003, total carbon storage of the Undulyeong model forest increased 149,000TC$(2.7\%)$ compared with the previous year. Seeing by forest types, occupied broad-leaved forest$(50\%)$, mixed forest$(34\%)$ and coniferous forest. During in 2003, total carbon which was removed and stored according to growth of the forest was 156,813TC and net carbon removal(148,664TC) increased into 2,613TC$(1.8\%)$ compared with the previous year. Seeing by forest types, occupied coniferous forest$(3.3\%)$, mixed forest$(3.1\%)$, broad-leaved forest$(2.8\%)$. Resultingly, the Undulyeong model forest is acting to net removal resource when see as green-gas side and net carbon removal are showing the tendency to increase recently little by little.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.2221-2225
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• 2005

Various types of fieldbus are used in factories in order to achieve the communication between the parts of process. But the protocol of the fieldbus doesn't have the standardized unique protocol. Thus, it is hard to exchange information each other with real time base when the different type protocols are adopted in the same network. In this paper, we implement two types of gateway for CAN and Profibus-DP: PC-based gateway and stand-alone gateway using the 80186 core based Dstni-LX network processor. The performance of proposed PC-based and stand-alone gateway is verified experimentally.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.79-91
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• 1992

With recent development in spaceborne imaging radar system, there are growing interests using satellite synthetic aperture radar(SAR) data in various applications. This study attempted to identify the relationships between several forest stand characteristics and radar backscatter, measured from space altitude altitude at three incidence angles. Shuttle Imaging Radar-B(SIR-B) data were collected over a forested area in northern Florida in October, 1984. By using various sources of reference data (forest type maps, inventory records, aerial photographs, and Landsat Thematic Mapper data), about 400 forest stands of known characteristics were carefully located in the radar data. Relative radar backscatter for the three incidence angles of SIR-B data were compared with known forest stand parameters such as mean tree height, diameter at breast height(DBH), stand density, biomass, and relative amount of understory vegetation. The results show that these stand parameters have statistically significant correlations with the radar backscatter. In addition, the SIR-B radar backscatter from a certain stand parameter turned out differently at the three different incidence angles. Finally, the types and characteristics of currently available satellite SAR data are discussed.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 2005

This study presents a method how to estimate the change of stand volume, the stand biomass and the carbon removals, using dynamic stand growth model according to whether the practices for forest management are implemented or not. As a result, it shows that the rate of stand change was significantly high if the practices were implemented. Consequently, the change of carbon removals was also high. The carbon removals at the stand where the practices were not implemented, was estimated about 0.27tC/ha. And the carbon removals at the stand where the practices were implemented, was estimated 166.02tC/ha(thinning from above) and 163.75tC/ha(thinning from below). It is confirmed that the thinning activities has a great influence on the change of carbon removals and there was little difference of the carbon removals between thinning types. From this result, it is proved that forest management like thinning activities is prerequisite condition to improve the carbon removals of stand.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.5
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• pp.650-662
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• 2001

The growth and yield models for five different kinds of natural forest types were systemically developed in the natural Broadleaved-Korean pine Forests in Northeast China. The data were collected from 359 temporary plots and 58 permanent plots with area ranged from 0.06 ha to 1.0 ha, ranging in stand age from 43 to 364 years. The Site Class Index (SCI) was introduced to evaluate site quality and the Crown Competition Factor (CCF) was selected as a measure of stand density for the mixed natural forest. The Chapman-Richards function was adopted to develop SCI equation and height-diameter curve. The Schumacher growth function was selected as base model to develop the DBH, basal area, and stand volume growth models by using re-parameterized method. In modeling mean DBH and basal area growth, it was found that the asymptotic parameter A of Schumacher function was exponentially related to site quality (SCI) and stand density (CCF). The rate parameter k was related to stand density and it was independent of SCI. Several validation measures for predicted stand variables were evaluated in the growth and yield models using independent data sets. The results indicated that relative mean errors (RME) in predicted stand attributes were less than ${\pm}5%$ and the estimated precision values of the stand variables were all greater than 95%.