• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제87권4호
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• pp.631-641
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• 1998

이 연구의 목적은 강원도 평창군 중왕산 지역에 자라는 활엽수림중 신갈나무림을 대상으로 임분형을 구분하고 이에 따른 신갈나무의 형질을 비교 분석하며, 육림작업시 적용될 수 있는 적절한 미래목 본수 및 미래목들간의 간격을 결정하는 것이다. 연구대상지에 0.05ha 크기의 시험구 22개에 대한 자료조사를 통해 재적혼효율에 따른 임분형을 분류한 결과 중왕산 지역의 신갈나무림은 4개의 임분형(신갈나무 단순림, 신갈나무 - 기타활엽수림, 신갈나무 - 소나무림, 기타활엽수 - 신갈나무림)으로 구분되었다. 이중 신갈나무의 혼효율이 25% 이하인 기타활엽수 - 신갈나무림 임분형에서 신갈나무의 수간형질이 가장 우수하게 나타났으며, 신갈나무 단순림이나 신갈나무 - 소나무 혼효림 보다 신갈나무 - 기타활엽수 혼효림에서 신갈나무의 수간형질이 더 좋았다. 그러므로 신갈나무림에 대한 경영목표를 고품질의 목재생산에 둔다면 기타 활엽수와 적절한 혼효를 유지시키는 방향으로 신갈나무의 육림방향을 설정하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단된다. 신갈나무단순림에서의 미래목 본수는 122본/ha이며, 미래목간 간격은 9.15m가 적절한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 임분형별 적절한 미래목 간격은 II형과 IV형 임분에서는 7.2m - 9.3m 정도가, III형 임분에서는 8.0m가 적절하며, 신갈나무가 혼효되지 않은 V형 임분에 대하여는 미래목 간격이 7.1m - 9.5m가 적절할 것으로 나타났다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.117-125
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in movement strategies of lower limb joints depending on the type of heel during sit-to-stand. Methods: Twenty healthy females participated in this study. All subjects performed sit-to-stand three times each with three different types of heels - bare feet, 9 cm high-heeled shoes, and unstable shoes. Trails were conducted in random order. Three-dimensional motion analysis systems were used for collection and analysis of the kinematic data of lower limb movements. Results: Results of this study showed kinematic differences in pelvis, hip joints, knee joints, and ankle joints during sit-to-stand based on the type of heels. At the initial sit-to-stand, hip joint flexion, knee joint flexion, ankle joint flexion, and ankle joint inversion showed significant differences. The maximal angles of hip joint flexion, hip joint adduction, knee joint flexion, ankle joint flexion, and ankle joint inversion were significantly different, while hip joint adduction, pelvic forward tilt, hip joint rotation, knee joint flexion, ankle joint flexion, and ankle joint inversion differed significantly during the terminal of sit-to-stand. Conclusion: Therefore, the type of heel played an important role in selection of lower limb movements during sit-to-stand which were essential parts of daily life movements.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2002

본 연구는 토지피복현황과 식재의 계층구조가 다양한 도시녹지를 대상으로 기온저감효과에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 녹지 내의 기온을 관측하였다. 그 테이터를 바탕으로 녹지내의 토지피복현황과 기온분포, 식재지율(식재의 면적비율)과 기온, 식재의 계층구조비율과 기온, 수목그루 및 녹적량(수목의 체적)과 기온 저감효과와의 관련성을 회귀분석 등에 의해 해석하였다. 그 결과, 고온역은 인공구조물과 나지 주변에서, 저온역은 식재지와 수면 주변에서 형성되었다. 또한, 식재의 계층구조가 2, 3층으로 덮여있는 구역과 수면을 핵으로 그 주변이 식재로 둘러싸인 구역이 상대적으로 낮은 기온을 나타냈다. 수목그루 및 녹적량의 증가는 어떤 수고라도 기온저감에 효과적이고 그 효율은 교목, 소교목, 관목의 순이다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.81-84
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of 'knowledge of result' and 'knowledge of performance', two types of extrinsic feedbacks, during the sit-to-stand movement in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Methods: A total of ten children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (ages 8 to 12 years) were recruited for the study. Subjects with hemiplegic cerebral palsy performed sit-to-stand movement in front of a mirror. Their performance was supervised and revised for normal movement by a pediatric physiotherapist. In the knowledge of the result, subjects performed sit-to-stand using a chair with an armrest in their mind with normal movement. In the knowledge of performance, subjects performed sit-to-stand under verbal instructions. Randomized cross over trials were used in this study. Main outcome measurements were as follows: mediolateral speed, anteroposterior speed, velocity moment, extent in mediolateral direction, extent in anteroposterior direction, and vertical distance of the center of pressure. Results: The mediolateral speed and extent of center of pressure was higher for 'knowledge of performance' in comparison with the other type of extrinsic feedbacks (p<0.05). The other parameters, including anteroposterior speed and extent, and vertical speed of the center of pressure, did not differ between the two types of extrinsic feedbacks (p>0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggested that training in sit-to-stand movement with 'knowledge of result' may result in better use of extrinsic feedback.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1075-1083
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cutting types on microclimate and growth characteristics of afforested tree in Quercus acutissima stand after different types of cutting. The difference in temperature reaching $5.2^{\circ}C$ was shown in between clear cutting and selective cutting treatments. On July and August days with temperatures more than $35^{\circ}C$ often appeared in clear cutting stand. The values of VPD in July and August were higher than those in other months. Maximum VPD of 3.99 kPa was shown in clear cutting stand on May 23 as a prolonged rainless days appeared. However, VPD in selective cutting stand always stayed under 3.0 kPa throughout growing season. A higher intensity was shown in clear cutting and strip clear cutting stands, reaching to more than $1,600{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ at midday on early August, while that in selective cutting stand stayed about 1,500. In relative growth rate selective cutting stand showed a significantly higher relative growth rate in plant height than those in other cutting stands (p<0.05). The number of leaf in current-year branches significantly increased in selective cutting stand, whereas no increase was shown in clear cutting and strip clear cutting stands (p<0.05). In addition, relative elongation rate of current year branch also showed higher values in selective cutting stand compared with that in strip clear cutting stand (p<0.05). However, leaf mass per unit area (LMA) was higher in order of strip clear cutting, clear cutting, and selective cutting stands. From these results it is concluded that environmental conditions in clear cutting and strip clear cutting stands during growing season are more stressful to afforested tree species, resulting in lower relative growth in plant height, elongation of current-year branches, and leaf number per branch compared with those in selective cutting stand. Consequently, more data must be accumulated in the field to find out best cutting type in plantation considering the adaptational characteristic of each tree species varies with species and life span of tree is long.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.133-144
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• 2014

This study was carried out to review the pattern of forest stand development for six Gangwondo Baekdudaegan Mountains which experienced different type and duration of intensive legal protection. Vegetation data from point sampling method were employed to classify community types by cluster analysis on the basis of the importance values of canopy tree species for the study areas. The names of classified communities were given by the composition of dominant tree species. The communities were also compared one another in terms of stand structure by species diversity index. The results indicated that National Parks (Seoraksan and Odaesan) had greater proportion of mixed mesophytic forest type which was supposed to progress further forest succession process so as to have more complex and diversified stand structure. On the other hand, ordinary forest areas (Seokbyeongsan and Deokhangsan) had greater proportion of the forest types which was dominatively composed of Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora. The forest types with large amount of these two species would tend to develop for relatively short period of time of 40-50 years after artificial disturbances. Hyangnobong of Natural Protection Area and Hambaeksan of Natural Ecosystem Conservation Area showed intermediate stand development pattern in between National Parks and ordinary forest areas. The period of intensive legal protection of the forest area was positively correlated with species diversity index (R=0.736), and noted that the forest which received intensive protection regulation for longer period tended to show more complex and diversified stand structure.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.647-655
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• 2008

The purpose of the study is to find the problems related to the current state of the stand age classes and the method of calculating it defined in the existing forest type map and propose the more accurate method of calculating the stand age classes. The object for the study was selected as the forest scattered around the Geesan village Paju city in Kyunggi province. For the accurate method of calculating the stand age classes, such items as, the type of actual vegetation, establishment of grid-type standard area scaled down at the level of the 5% of the actual area, the types, number, DBH and age of tree found by the plots, were investigated. It was found out actual vegetation was divided into the total 24 types and the 20 types of them belonged to the growing tree areas. As the plots, the 125 places(unit area: $400m^2$) were established the types of the trees found were distributed in the range where the minimum was 1 type, the maximum was 9, the mean was $4.4{\pm}1.5$, and the mode was 4 types. The number of the trees found was distributed in the range where the minimum was 17, the maximum was 125, the mean was $4.4{\pm}1.5$, and the mode was 70. In the DBH, the minimum was 6 cm, the maximum was 30 cm, the mean was 13 cm and the mode was 10 cm. As the result of measuring the age of the 5 trees corresponding to the value of the mode in DBH, selected among the dominant species by the plots, less than 20 years was 17 places, the 115 places were included in the range from 21 to 30 years, and more than 31 years was the 6 places.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2004년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2004
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• pp.14-16
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• 2004

Although there have been wide range of studies to characterize forest stands based upon spectral information of satellite image, it was not fully understood the texture information of forest stand using high resolution data. The objective of this study is to evaluate several texture measures for characterizing forest stand structure, such as species composition, diameter at breast height(DBH), stand density, and age. High resolution IKONOS satellite imagery data were acquired in August 200 lover the forested area near Ulsan, Korea. Primary forest types were plantation pine, mixed forest, and natural deciduous forest of stand age ranging from 10 to 50 years old. Several GLCM-based texture measures were compared with forest stand characteristics. In overall, a texture measure (contrast) calculated using red band were better to differentiate species and age group than other texture measures and near infrared bands.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.43-46
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• 1971

Losses of nitrogenin the gaseous form were determined with closed systems in the filed under different vegetation types. Ammonia volatilization was greatest from the pine stand, and least from the sod stand, and was greatly reduced in all three sites in the rainy season due to the low temperature. There were only insignificant differences in the nitrogen dioxide volatilization from the soil of the three vegetation types. Losses of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide at various soil depth also showed little variation. Evidently the microbial activity responsible for the $NO_2$ loss was relatively unaffected by the changes in temperature and soil moisture content during the investigation.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.41-56
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• 2006

Signal fire was a communication system which deliver urgent news by smoke and light. It informed the condition of the border to the central government and the military base rapidly. This research was to analyze the border signal-fire which is the main facility of military protective duty for safety of sea side in chosun dynasty. The results of this research were described separately as follows. 1. The border signal-fire has three types of facility layout, The majority was one-site, near two-site, separate type. The majority was near two-site type. 2. Plan configuration of signal-fire stand which is separated with circle, oval, round-rectangular and rectangular type roughly was constructed with circle type generally. Four types of signal-fire stand was observed in southern and western sea side impartially. However, in eastern side, circle type of signal-fire stand was mainly found. Therefore, regional characteristics could be considered partially. 3. The height of signal-fire stand was about 8~10m. The diameter of combustion chamber on the signal-fire stand was 2~3m in circle type, and the dimension of rectangular type was about $1.9{\times}1.9{\sim}3.2{\times}3.0m$. 4. Building base that protect ground moisture and infilteration of rainfall was found in 10 border singal-fire, the height of it was about 0.3m~2.5m.