• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.8-20
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• 2011

Atmospheric visibility is one of the indicators used to evaluate the status of air quality. Based on a conceptual definition of visibility as the maximum distance at which the outline of the selected target can be recognized, an image analysis technique is introduced here and an algorithm is developed for visibility monitoring. Although there are various measurement techniques, ranging from bulk and precise instruments to naked eye observation techniques, each has their own limitations. In this study, a series of image analysis techniques were introduced and examined for in-situ application. An imaging system was built up using a digital camera and was installed on the study sites in Incheon and Seoul separately. Visual range was also monitored by using a dual technology visibility sensor in Incheon and transmissometer in Seoul simultaneously. The Sobel mask filter was applied to detect the edge lines of objects by extracting the high frequency from the digital image. The root mean square (RMS) index of variation among the pixels in the image was substantially correlated with the visual ranges in Incheon and Seoul with correlations of $R^2$=0.88 and $R^2$=0.71, respectively. The regression line equations between the visual range and the RMS index in Incheon and Seoul were VR=$2.36e^{0.46{\times}(RMS)}$ and VR=$3.18e^{0.15{\times}(RMS)}$, respectively. It was also confirmed that the fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) have more impacts to the impairment of visibility than coarse particles.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.150-156
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• 2018

This study aims to develop an improved Feldkamp-Davis-Kress (FDK) reconstruction algorithm using anisotropic total variation (ATV) minimization to enhance the image quality of low-dose cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The algorithm first applies a filter that integrates the Shepp-Logan filter into a cosine window function on all projections for impulse noise removal. A total variation objective function with anisotropic penalty is then minimized to enhance the difference between the real structure and noise using the steepest gradient descent optimization with adaptive step sizes. The preserving parameter to adjust the separation between the noise-free and noisy areas is determined by calculating the cumulative distribution function of the gradient magnitude of the filtered image obtained by the application of the filtering operation on each projection. With these minimized ATV projections, voxel-driven backprojection is finally performed to generate the reconstructed images. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated with the catphan503 phantom dataset acquired with the use of a low-dose protocol. Qualitative and quantitative analyses showed that the proposed ATV minimization provides enhanced CBCT reconstruction images compared with those generated by the conventional FDK algorithm, with a higher contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), lower root-mean-square-error, and higher correlation. The proposed algorithm not only leads to a potential imaging dose reduction in repeated CBCT scans via lower mA levels, but also elicits high CNR values by removing noisy corrupted areas and by avoiding the heavy penalization of striking features.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.909-915
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• 2021

GaAs on Si grown via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition is demonstrated using various Si substrate thicknesses and three types of dislocation filter layers (DFLs). The bowing was used to measure wafer-scale characteristics. The surface morphology and electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) were used to analyze the material quality of GaAs films. Only 3-㎛ bowing was observed using the 725-㎛-thick Si substrate. The bowing shows similar levels among the samples with DFLs, indicating that the Si substrate thickness mostly determines the bowing. According to the surface morphology and ECCI results, the compressive strained indium gallium arsenide/GaAs DFLs show an atomically flat surface with a root mean square value of 1.288 nm and minimum threading dislocation density (TDD) value of 2.4×10⁷ cm^-2. For lattice-matched DFLs, the indium gallium phosphide/GaAs DFLs are more effective in reducing the TDD than aluminum gallium arsenide/GaAs DFLs. Finally, we found that the strained DFLs can block propagate TDD effectively. The strained DFLs on the 725-㎛-thick Si substrate can be used for the large-scale integration of GaAs on Si with less bowing and low TDD.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제64권3호
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• pp.9-24
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• 2022

Currently, a vast amount of hydrologic data is accumulated in real-time through automatic water level measuring instruments in agricultural reservoirs. At the same time, false and missing data points are also increasing. The applicability and reliability of quality control of hydrological data must be secured for efficient agricultural water management through calculation of water supply and disaster management. Considering the characteristics of irregularities in hydrological data caused by irrigation water usage and rainfall pattern, the Korea Rural Community Corporation is currently applying the Hampel filter as a water level data quality management method. This method uses window size as a key parameter, and if window size is large, distortion of data may occur and if window size is small, many outliers are not removed which reduces the reliability of the corrected data. Thus, selection of the optimal window size for individual reservoir is required. To ensure reliability, we compared and analyzed the RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) and NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient) of the corrected data and the daily water level of the RIMS (Rural Infrastructure Management System) data, and the automatic outlier detection standards used by the Ministry of Environment. To select the optimal window size, we used the classification performance evaluation index of the error matrix and the rainfall data of the irrigation period, showing the optimal values at 3 h. The efficient reservoir automatic calibration technique can reduce manpower and time required for manual calibration, and is expected to improve the reliability of water level data and the value of water resources.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제53권9호
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• pp.143-147
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• 2016

최근 디지털 단층영상합성 시스템 (digital tomosynthesis system, DTS)은 일반 X-ray의 영상 중첩현상과 전산화단층촬영장치 (computed tomography, CT)의 높은 선량의 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 개발되었다. 본 연구의 목적은 흉부 촬영용 디지털 단층영상합성 시스템 (chest digital tomosynthesis, CDT)의 재구성 알고리즘 개발 및 화질과 선량 평가를 수행하는 것이다. 영상의 재구성은 필터 후 역투영 (filtered back-projection, FBP)을 모델링하였고, 팬텀 영상을 획득하기 위한 X-선과 검출기 사이의 각도를 ${\pm}10^{\circ}$, ${\pm}15^{\circ}$, ${\pm}20^{\circ}$, 그리고 ${\pm}30^{\circ}$로 구성하였다. 영상의 화질 평가는 평균 제곱근 편차 (root mean square error, RMSE)와 신호대 잡음 변화율 (signal difference-to-noise ratio, SDNR)로 수행하였고, 선량 평가는 ${\pm}20^{\circ}$의 범위에서 유효선량으로 수행하였다. 결과적으로, 모든 각도에서 Slice thickness 필터를 적용한 팬텀영상이 가장 우수한 RMSE와 SDNR 결과를 나타내었고, 최종 유효 선량은 0.166 mSv로 측정되었다. 결론적으로, 개발한 CDT 재구성 알고리즘의 유용성을 증명하였고, 최종 유효 선량을 측정하여 CDT의 기초 실험 데이터를 구축할 수 있었다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제10권8호
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• pp.597-602
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• 2016

현 임상에서는 저에너지 광자를 감소시키기 위한 알루미늄 재질의 부가필터를 이용하고 있다. 하지만, 부가필터의 이용은 X-ray 경화현상으로 인하여 발생하는 산란선량이 화질에 악영향을 미칠 수 있다. 또한, 부적절한 필터 두께를 이용은 환자에게 불필요한 노출이 발생하는 선량 크리프 현상이 나타날 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 부가필터 사용 시 X선 빔 경화현상으로 인한 평균 에너지 증가에 따른 전방 산란선량 발생이 영상 화질에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 평가하기 위하여 RMS 및 RSD를 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 부가필터 두께가 증가할수록 전방산란율과 더불어 상대표준편차가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 상대표준편차는 평균값에 대한 표준편차가 상대적 크기를 의미한다. 평균값을 신호로 표준편차를 노이즈 성분으로 판단할 때 영상의 해상력에 지표인 신호 대 잡음비가 감소하는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 부가필터 사용에 따른 전방산란율과 화질의 상관관계가 있음을 정량적으로 검증하였다. 결과적으로, 북미방사선방호측정위원회에서 70 kVp 이상의 관전압에서 권고하는 2.5 mmAl 두께의 필터 사용 시 사용하지 않았을 때에 비해 14.6%가 증가되었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 영상 품질 개선을 위한 필터 연구 시 기초 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.307-316
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• 1994

기상 자료 미계측 지점의 단기 강우 예보 모형을 개발하였다. 본 연구 모형은 강우 모의 모형, 기상학적 동질성, 그리고 기상 변수 예측 및 추정에 관한 몇 가지 가정을 전제로 하였으며 강우의 예보에는 칼만 필터 기법을 사용하였다. 기존 모형의 방정식은 수운적 크기 분포(HSD)가 강우 강도에 종속이므로 강우량에 대하여 비선형이다. 본 연구 모형의 방정식은 HSD를 구름층 저류량의 함수로 구성함으로써 강우량에 대하여 비선형이다. 본 연구 모형의 방정식은 HSD를 구름층 저류량의 함수로 구성함으로써 강우량에 대하여 선형화되었다. 또한 기상 입력 변수는 경험 모형에 의하여 예측되었다. 본 연구 모형을 대청댐 유형의 호우 사상에 적용하였다. 그 결과 예보 및 실측 강우 강도간의 평균 자승 오차는 0.30~1.01 mm/hr이었다. 이 결과로 미루어 볼 때, 본 연구 모형에 수반된 가정은 합리적이며 본 연구 모형은 기상 자료 미계측 지점에서 강우를 단기 예보하는데 유용하다고 판단된다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.368-373
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• 1999

Topex/Poseidon sea surface heights are compared to tide gauge sea levels in the South Indian Ocean in the period of January 1993 to December 1995. A user's handbook (AVISO) for processing sea surface height data was used in this study. Topex/Poseidon sea surface heights were obtained from satellite data at the proximity of tide gauge stations. These data were reproduced by a linear interpolation with the interval of 10 days and were processed by the Gaussian filter with a 60-day window. The tide gauge sea levels were obtained in the same manner as the satellite data. The main results on RMS (Root-Mean-Square) and CORR (CORRelation coefficient) in our study were shown as follows: 1) on the characteristics between two data (in-situ and model data), the results (RMS=2.96 cm & CORR=$92\%$ in the Amsterdam plateau, and RMS=3.45 cm & CORR=$59\%$ in the Crozet plateau) of the comparison of Topex/Poseidon sea surface heights with tide gauge sea levels, which was calculated by in-situ data of obsewed station showed generally low values in RMS and high values in CORR against to the results (RMS=4.69 cm & CORR=$79\%$ in the Amsterdam plateau, and RMS= 6.29 cm & CORR= $49\%$ in the Crozet plateau) of the comparison of Topex/Poseidon sea surface heights with tide gauge sea levels, which was calculated by model data of ECMWF (European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting), and 2) on the characteristics between two areas (Kerguelen plateau and island), the results (RMS=3.28 cm & CORR= $54\%$ in the Kerguelen plateau) of open sea area showed low values in RMS and high values in CORR against to the results (RMS= 5.71 cm & CORR=$38\%$ in the Kerguelen island) of coast area, respectively.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2002

An unsteady-state moisture diffusion through cellulosic fibers in paper was characterized from the moisture sorption experiment and the mathematical modeling. The sorption experiment was conducted by exposing thin dry paper specimens to a constant temperature-humidity environment. Oven dried blotting papers and filter papers were used as test samples and the gains of their weights were constantly monitored and recorded as a function of sorption time. For a mathematical approach, the moisture transport was assumed to be an one-dimensional diffusion in thickness direction through the geometrically symmetric structure of paper. The model was asymptotically simplified with a short-term approximation. It gave us a new insight into the moisture uptake phenomena as a function of square root of sorption time. The fiber-phase moisture diffusivities(FPMD) of paper samples were then determined by correlating the experimental data with the unsteady-state diffusion model obtained. Their values were found to be on the order of magnitude of $10^{-6}-10^{-7}cm^2$/min., which were equivalent to the hypothetical effective diffusion coefficients at the limit of zero porosity. The moisture sorption curve predicted from the model fairly agreed with that obtained from the experiment at some limited initial stages of the moisture uptake process. The FPMD value of paper significantly varied depending upon the current moisture content of paper. The mean FPMD was about 0.7-0.8 times as large as the short-term approximated FPMD.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.149-164
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 지구자원탐사용 인공위성 화상데이터중에서 공간해상력이 우수한 RS-1C PAN 데이터와 Landsat TM 데이터를 중합(merging)하는데 있어서, 어떤 중합방법이 유효한지를 밝히고자 하였다. 각기 다른 두 화상데이터를 중합하기 위하여 IHS, PCA, HPF, ratio enhanoement 및 LUT방법을 적용하였으며, 이 방법들에 의하여 얻어진 화상들의 평가에 있어서는, 분광반사특성 보존성부분과 공간해상력 부분으로 나누어서 평가하였다. 그 결과 ratio enhancement방법이 분광반사특성의 보존성에 있어서 가장 좋은 결과를 나타내었다. 전체적인 화상의 시각적 판독평가에 있어서는 PCA방법이 다른 방법에 비하여 공간해상력이 우수한 것으로 파악되었으며 다음으로 HPF, ratio enhancement, IHS, LUT방법의 순으로 나타났다.