• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.208-214
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• 2022

Background: Pronated foot posture (PFP) contributes to excessive dynamic knee valgus (DKV). Although foot orthoses such as medial arch support (MAS) are widely and easily used in clinical practice and sports, few studies have investigated the effect of MAS on the improvement of DKV during stair descent in individuals with a PFP. Moreover, no studies reported the degree of improvement in DKV according to the severity of PFP when MAS was applied. Objects: This study aimed to examine the immediate effect of MAS on DKV during stair descent and determine the correlation between navicular drop distance and changes in DKV when MAS is applied. Methods: Twenty individuals with a PFP (15 males and five females) participated in this study. The navicular drop test was used to measure PFP severity. The frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) was calculated under two conditions, with and without MAS application, using 2-dimensional video analysis. Results: During stair descent, the FPPA with MAS (173.1° ± 4.7°) was significantly greater than that without MAS (164.8° ± 5.8°) (p < 0.05). There was also a significant correlation between the navicular drop distance and improvement in the FPPA when MAS was applied (r = 0.453, p = 0.045). Conclusion: MAS application can affect the decrease in DKV during stair descent. In addition, MAS application should be considered to improve the knee alignment for individuals with greater navicular drop distance.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.133-162
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• 2001

Unexpected accidents in school has been gradually increased every year, and student's mistaken was the first reason of the accident. To preventing the students from Unexpected accidents in school, safety education is more important than having strong facilities to have much more strong protecting forces for the accidents. Therefore, systematic education of safety is needed most of all, and especially, strengthening safety education in school is needed. Hereby, this study is aimed at investigating and analysing the actual condition and demand of safety education. It also conducted a survey with the target of 1,255 students in the second grade of high school in Seoul from April 20 to May 19, and the result of this study is as follows. 1. In the general features of the subject of the survey, boy students and girl students occupied 50.8％ and 49.2％ each, and boys' high school (34.3％), girls' high school(32.2％) and co-ed(33.5％) participated in balance. In the location, north from Han river occupied 54.6％, south were 45.2％. 2. According to the status of experiencing an accident, boys were more experienced then girls(p〈0.05). From the section, home accident(56.8％) occupied most followed by school accident, traffic accident, sports accident and poisoning. The accident happening most often in detailed category is sports accident such as basket ball, foot ball and dodge ball. The actual condition of the subject's using a school health facility shows that boys students use it more often than girl students(p〈0.01) 3. In attitude toward safety, the subject showed lower interest in safety issues than other social issues. But attitude in seriality of safety problems were high. Also, they responded ‘individual citizen’(63.1％) as the one who should make efforts for safety. Regarding knowledge of preventing safety accidents in attitude toward individual safety, 42.2％ answered ‘they know a little’ and 32.6％ of respondents say ‘they do not know’. To a question of the degree of the subject's following safety rules, 36.4％ were answered ‘keeping’ and the group using a school health facility shows more ‘keeping’ the others(p〈0.05). 4. To a question of asking if they have experienced safety education, 51.2％ answered ‘yes’. Teachers who mainly take care of safety education are answered as training teacher(48.7％). As for education time, training class(51.3％) is said to have safety education most followed by health-related event and PE(Physical Education). Frequency of education shows once or twice a session (62.8％) most often, but in case of co-ed school, 5-7times a session or more(20.1％) are being practiced. Looking at education time, 1-2 hour(s)(22.1％) or for a short time(22.1％) during class are being practiced. As an education method, instruction(43.8％) and video education(32.5％) are being practiced, and when it comes to education evaluation method, ‘not practiced’(70.0％) answered. To the question if they are satisfied with school safety education, they answered more ‘no(43.1％)’ than ‘yes(6.7％)’, and the reason is that safety education class is just for formality's sake, and the fact they already know is being repeated. The contents of safety education is composed of school safety, home safety, and first aid. 5. It is turned out that 56.5％ of the total boy students and 61.1％ of the total girl students recognize the necessity of safety education. To the question if safety education is needed in an elementary and middle education course, 46.4％ of the subject answer answered' it's necessary'. The most reason for their answers are ‘safety education is directly related to life’. 6. Regarding the requested time of safety education is ‘one hour a week’ by 55.9％. For safety education, safety education teachers(38.7％) are answered to be the most proper. As a request for safety education, video education is answered to be the most appropriate(30.6％), followed by practical skills, lecture and discussion(p〈0.05). Demand of educational evaluation, practical skills, interview and observation are answered to be needed. To the question if they want to participate in the way of demanded safety education, 41.9％ of respondents answer ‘have a mind to participate in’ (41.9％). To benefits followed by completing safety education, 72.0％ of respondents answer ‘agree’, and 24.7％ ‘do not agree’, which means lout 4 disagrees with completing safety education. 7. Looking at demand of safety education according to the features of the subject, ‘our position for the person who has handicapped’ was answer to the most.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.103-117
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aims to reveal the relationship between social relations and physical activity in the young-old and old-old elderly. Methods: Data from 2020 National survey of Older Koreans were used, and a total of 10,097 subjects over the age of 65 were included in analysis. The dependent variable was physical activity, and the independent variables were social relations barrier and motivational factors. x²-test and binary logistic regression were performed for data analysis. Results: The physical activity rate in the elderly were 40.8% in the young-old and 29.2% in the old-old. The socio-demographic characteristics affecting physical activity were the young-old elderly were sex, residential area, employment status and household income, and the old-old elderly were sex, age, residential area, education level and household income. The social relations barrier factors affecting physical activity were the young-old elderly were number of close friends, family care, exercise information search and video viewing, and the old-old elderly were household type, number of close friends, participation in exercise education, exercise information search and video viewing. The social relations motivational factors affecting physical activity were the young-old elderly were call with children/relative/friend, participation in sports activity, access time from home to parks, and the old-old elderly were call with children/relative/friend, participation in sports activity, satisfaction with green spaces. Conclusions: It was found that social relations barrier and motivational factors of the elderly are important factors to consider when developing physical activity promotion strategy, and there are also difference between the age of the elderly.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.179-195
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• 2002

The purpose of this research is to provide a proper model by analyzing the sports biomechanical of physical movements on the basis of the two patterns(open-stance and cross-stance) at the ready-to-start pose. The subjects for this study are composed of five male handball players from P university and five female shooting players from S university. Three-way moving actions at start(right, left, and forward) are recorded with two high-speed video cameras and measured with two Force platforms and a EMG system. Three-dimensional action analyzer, GRF system, and Whole body reaction movement system are used to figure out the moving mechanisms at the start pose. The analytic results of the moving mechanism at the start pose were as follows. 1. Through examining the three-way moving actions at start, I have found the cross-stance pose is better for the moving speed of body weight balance than the open-stance one. 175 degree of knee joint angle at "take-off" and 172 degree of hip joint angle were best for the start pose. 2. The Support time and GRF data shows that the quickest center of gravity shift was occurred when cross-stanced male subjects started to move toward his lefthand side. The quickest male's average supporting time of left and right foot is 0.19${\pm}$0.07 sec., 0.26${\pm}$0.06sec. respectively. The supporting time difference between two feet is 0.07sec. 3. Through analyzing GRF of moving actions at start pose, I have concluded that more than 1550N are overloaded on one foot at the open-stance start, and the overloaded force may cause physical injury. However, at the cross-stance pose, The GRF are properly dispersed on both feet, and maximum 1350N are loaded on one foot.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.437-447
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• 2011

In this study, the lower limbs joints were analyzed for features based on the biomechanical characteristics of landing techniques according to height and landing on the ground type (flats and downhill). In order to achieve the objectives of the study, changes were analyzed in detail contents such as the height and form of the first landing on the ground at different angles of joints, torso and legs, torso and legs of the difference in the range of angular motion of the joint, the maximum angular difference between joints, the lower limbs joints difference between the maximum moment and the difference between COM changes. The subjects in this study do not last six months did not experience joint injuries 10 males in 20 aged were tested. Experimental tools to analyze were the recording and video equipment. Samsung's SCH-650A model camera was used six units, and the 2 GRF-based AMTI were used BP400800 model. 6-unit-camera synchronized with LED (photo cell) and Line Lock system were used. the output from the camera and the ground reaction force based on the data to synchronize A/D Syc. box was used. To calculate the coordinates of three-dimensional space, $1m{\times}3m{\times}2m$ (X, Y, Z axis) to the size of the control points attached to the framework of 36 markers were used, and 29 where the body was taken by attaching a marker to the surface. Two kinds of land condition, 40cm and 60cm in height, and ground conditions in the form of two kinds of flat and downhill slopes ($10^{\circ}$) of the landing operation was performed and each subject's 3 mean two-way RM ANOVA in SPSS 18.0 was used and this time, all the significant level was set at a=.05. Consequently, analyzing the landing technique as land form and land on the ground, the changes of external environmental factors, and the lower limbs joints' function in the evaluation were significantly different from the slopes. Landing of the slop plane were more load on the joints than landing of plane. Especially, knee extensor moment compared to the two kinds of landing, slopes plane were approximately two times higher than flat plane, and it was statistical significance. Most of all not so much range of motion and angular velocity of the shock to reduce stress was important. In the further research, front landing as well as various direction of motion of kinetic, kinetic factors and EMG variables on lower limbs joints of the study in terms of injury-prevention-approach is going to be needed.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to conduct biomechanical analysis of varying backpack loads on the lower limb movements during downhill walking over $-20^{\circ}$ ramp. Method : Thirteen male university students (age: $23.5{\pm}2.1yrs$, height: $175.7{\pm}4.6cm$, weight: $651.9{\pm}55.5N$) who have no musculoskeletal disorder were recruited as the subjects. Each subject walked over $20^{\circ}$ ramp with four different backpack weights (0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of body weight) in random order at a speed of $1.0{\pm}0.1m/s$. Five digital camcorders and two force plates were used to obtain 3-d data and kinetics of the lower extremity. For each trial being analyzed, five critical instants were identified from the video recordings. Ground reaction force, loading rate, decay rate, and resultant joint moment of the ankle and the knee were determined by the inverse dynamics analysis. For each dependent variable, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine whether there were significant differences among four different backpack weight conditions (p<.05). When a significant difference was found, post hoc analyses were performed using the contrast procedure. Results : The results of this study showed that the medio-lateral GRFs at RHC in 20% and 30% body weight were significantly greater than the corresponding value in 0% of body weight. A consistent increase in the vertical GRFs as backpack loads increased was observed. The valgus joint movement of the knee at RTO in 30% body weight was significantly greater than the corresponding values in 0% and 10% body weight. The increased valgus moment of 30% body weight observed in this phase was associated with decelerating and stabilizing effects on the knee joint. The results also showed that the extension and valgus joint moments of the knee were systematically affected by the backpack load during downhill walking. Conclusion : Since downhill walking while carrying heavy external loads in a backpack may lead to excessive knee joint moment, damage can occur to the joint structures such as joint capsule and ligaments. Therefore, excessive repetitions of downhill walking should be avoided if the lower extremity is subjected to abnormally high levels of load over an extended period of time.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 2015

The purposes of this study are, firstly, to investigate the relationship between the online and mobile game players' psychological aspects (reference group, government regulation, game contents) and their game experience and overindulgence in games and, secondly, to suggest possible ways to reduce overindulgence in games. The implications of this research are as follows; Firstly, families and school authorities should strive to make sports and other pastime activities popular among peer groups rather than allowing online and video games to become only source of popularity among peer groups. Secondly, it is better for families members to establish a set of rules for controlling their children's time spent on online and mobile games rather than entirely forbidding the games. Family members should also strive to have more family conversations and to find a common source of interests. Thirdly, government should strive to develop policy responses to the overindulgence in games based on practical research and analysis. Fourthly, game makers should pay more attention to the components and expressions used in their games so as to draw game players' interests to the story and design of the games. Game makers also need to consider elements in their games that may potentially cause overindulgence in the development stage. Lastly, game players should strive to find new leisure activities besides online and mobile games that they can enjoy and have good experience with.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.65-74
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• 2006

This study was attempted to Kinematical characteristics of the Endo $360^{\circ}$El-grip Swing on the horizontal bar. To do this, we selected and analyzed the performance of two athletes who did Endo $360^{\circ}$El-grip Swing in the horizontal bar competition of male artistic gymnastic in the 22nd Universiad Games 2003 Daegu. We drew the conclusions from the kinematical factors that were came out through analyzing three-dimensional cinematography of the athletes' movements, by using two video cameras. In point of analyzing the actual competition situation, it is expected that gymnastics and coaches have the effective informations, and the following conclusion had resulted. 1. When performing Endo $360^{\circ}$El-Grip, the average for entire required time was $1.93{\pm}0.06sec$. The average for descent phase time was $0.24{\pm}0.02sec$, ascent phase time was 0.22${\pm}0.07sec$, connecting phase time was $0.87{\pm}0.07sec$, and El-Grip phase time was $0.61{\pm}0.02sec$. The descent phase need short period of time but however to have a stable performance, ensuring ascent and connecting phase time are needed. El-Grip phase need short period of time to have a stable re-grasp. 2. To have a convenient preparation for El-Grip in descent and ascent phase, lowering CM, and ease up in sway and plunge from the High Bar would make descent and ascent even more faster and would have increase effect in trunk rotation. 3. In descent and ascent phase, if shoulder angle and arm slope is dwindling then it would effect rotation angle so might risk it from hitting a Bar when putting legs in and out. 4. In connecting phase, it requires some time to show stable performance when El-Grip phase is continued by using hip angle which would make trunk rotation angle bigger and make descent and ascent time slower. 5. In El-Grip phase, when doing motions like hand standing. using hip angle more than maximum would make CM even faster and it is stable position while performing.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.454-475
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• 2013

In 2011, Daegu hosted the International Association of Athletics Federation Championships and attempted to use this event strengthen its global profile. Organizers hoped Daegu 2011 would strengthen knowledge about Daegu internationally and help the city overcome recent economic stagnation by bolstering tourism and investment on the global scale. Written from the perspective of a foreigner living in Korea, this interpretive article uses mixed-method cultural geographic analysis to evaluate the momentum Daegu 2011 produced in these directions. The article draws on a tripartite "territorialisation" approach to mega-event tourism's production of space, focusing on representational efforts during the approach to the championships and the event itself. Promotional materials receive particular attention. Interviews with international tourists during 2011 strengthen conclusions drawn from analysis of promotional materials. After reviewing relevant conceptual literature, Daegu's history, and the background of Daegu 2011, the article devotes three subsections to analysis. The first uses critical discourse analysis of a key promotional video to argue that Daegu's self-promotions betrayed insecurity about the city's place within the global tourism market. A second analysis subbsection finds that additional promotional materials did not fully overcome that problem. These materials also produced an overload of Daegu images and aspirations. The third subsection further develops these arguments, pointing to a partial mismatch between images emphasized by promotions and experiences available in the tourism landscape. This subsection also argues that while Daegu 2011 undoubtedly produced positive effects for the city, key challenges remain if Daegu will be placed on the map of globally acknowledged cities.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to prove the kinematical characteristics of Deff motion, the high bar performance, in terms of flying phases so that we can provide basic sources for improving gymnastic performance. To do this, we selected and analyzed the performance of two athletes who did Deff motion in the high bar competition of male artistic gymnastic in the 22nd Universiade 2003 Daegu. We drew the conclusions from the kinematical factors that were came out through analyzing three-dimensional cinematography of the athletes' movements, by using a high speed video camera. To make a successful performance, a performer releases the bar at a height of a high bar vertically and at a height of 82cm horizontally, and the flying performance should be made without moving forward, as maintaining the proper balance, in order to rise over 118cm high during the flying phase. When the performer is releasing the bar, an increase of the vertical speed in the center of the body and extension of a knee joint and a hip joint contribute to increasing a flying height. And when the moving body is twisted, leaning to left side is caused by the winding movement of a knee joint, which causes an unstable bar grasp. To grasp the bar stably, just before releasing the performer should gain propulsive force from twisting rotation through increasing the speed of shoulder rotation. And before the peak point, the performer should make sure of a body rotation distance over $164^{\circ}$ so that he or she can do an aerial rotary performance smoothly. When grasping the high bar, the center of the body should be above the bar and the angle of shoulder rotation should be maintained close to $540^{\circ}$ simultaneously. he high point performance(S1) has more speed on an ascending phase and less speed on a descending phase than the low point performance (S2). At the peak point, both the rotation angle of the body and that of the shoulder in high point performance are big as well. In conclusion, it is shown that a performer can make a jump toward the high bar easily with the body straight because the performer can hold the upper part of the body erect early in a descending phase.