• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.641-646
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• 2011

In this paper, we investigate a power control problem which is very critical in underlay-based spectrum sharing systems. Although an underlay-based spectrum sharing system is more efficient compared to an overlay-based spectrum sharing system in terms of spectral utilization, some practical problems obstruct its commercialization. One of them is a real-time-based power adaptation of secondary transmitters. In the underlay-based spectrum sharing system, it is essential to adapt secondary user's transmit power to interference channel states to secure primary users' communication. Thus, we propose a practical power control scheme for secondary transmitters. The feedback overhead of our proposed scheme is insignificant because it requires one-bit signaling, while the optimal power control scheme requires the perfect information of channel states. In addition, the proposed scheme is robust to feedback delay. We compare the performance of the optimal and proposed schemes in terms of primary user's outage probability and secondary user's throughput. Our simulation results show that the proposed scheme is almost optimal in terms of both primary user's outage probability and secondary user's throughput when the secondary user's transmit power is low. As the secondary user's transmit power increases, the primary user's outage probability of the proposed scheme is degraded compared with the optimal scheme while the secondary user's throughput still approaches that of the optimal scheme. If the feedback delay is considered, however, the proposed scheme approaches the optimal scheme in terms of both the primary user's outage probability and secondary user's throughput regardless of the secondary user's transmit power.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.285-297
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• 2014

This paper presents the results of an investigation into bi-directional communication in spectrum sharing-based cognitive radio (Bi-CR) systems. A Bi-CR system can increase the spectral efficiency significantly by sharing the spectrum and through the bi-directional use of spatial resources for two-way communication. On the other hand, the primary user experiences more interference from the secondary users in a Bi-CR system. Satisfying the interference constraint by simply reducing the transmission power results in performance degradation for secondary users. In addition, secondary users also experience self-interference from echo channels due to full duplexing. These imperfections may weaken the potential benefits of the Bi-CR system. Therefore, a new way to overcome these defects in the Bi-CR system is needed. To address this need, this paper proposes some novel power allocation schemes for the Bi-CR system. This contribution is based on two major analytic environments, i.e., noise-limited and interference-limited environments, for providing useful analysis. This paper first proposes an optimal power allocation (OPA) scheme in a noise-limited environment and then analyzes the achievable sum rates. This OPA scheme has an effect in the noise-limited environment. In addition, a power allocation scheme for the Bi-CR system in an interference-limited environment was also investigated. The numerical results showed that the proposed schemes can achieve the full duplexing gain available from the bi-directional use of spatial resources.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.85-92
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• 1999

비선형 음향효과를 계측함에 의해서 재료열화를 평가하는 연구는 오래 전부터 있어 왔다. 여기서, 비선형 음향효과를 계측하는 가장 일반적인 방법은 전파된 수신 신호에서 기본주파수 성분과 2차 고조파 성분의 절대적인 크기를 계측하는 것이다. 이 목적을 위해서 일반적으로 파워스펙트럼 해석법이 널리 사용되어 왔다. 그러나, 파워스펙트럼은 신호처리 후에도 주파수 영역에서 가우스 잡음이 혼재한다는 단점이 있다. 게다가, 비선형 효과에 의해서 발생되는 2차 고조파 성분의 크기는 너무 작아서 잡음에 묻혀버릴 수도 있다. 본 논문에서는, 이 문제를 해결하기 위해서 주파수 영역에서 가우스 잡음을 제거할 수 있는 바이스펙트럼 해석법을 제안하였다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여 잡음이 크게 혼재된 신호에서도 참 값에 가까운 비선형 파라미터를 구할 수 있음을 밝혔다. 또한, 실제 경우에 이 방법의 유용함을 확인하기 위하여 피로 하중에 의해서 고의로 열화시킨 여러 시편에 대하여 파워스펙트럼과 바이스펙트럼을 구하여 비교하였다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.393-401
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• 2013

Spherical harmonics power spectrum of the geopotential field of Gaussian-bell type on the sphere was investigated using integral formula that is associated with Legendre polynomials. The geopotential field of Gaussian-bell type is defined as a function of sine of angular distance from the bell's center in order to guarantee the continuity on the global domain. Since the integral-formula associated with the Legendre polynomials was represented with infinite series of polynomial, an estimation method was developed to make the procedure computationally efficient while preserving the accuracy. The spherical harmonics power spectrum was shown to vary significantly depending on the scale parameter of the Gaussian bell. Due to the accurate procedure of the new method, the power (degree variance) spanning over orders that were far higher than machine roundoff was well explored. When the scale parameter (or width) of the Gaussian bell is large, the spectrum drops sharply with the total wavenumber. On the other hand, in case of small scale parameter the spectrum tends to be flat, showing very slow decaying with the total wavenumber. The accuracy of the new method was compared with theoretical values for various scale parameters. The new method was found advantageous over discrete numerical methods, such as Gaussian quadrature and Fourier method, in that it can produce the power spectrum with accuracy and computational efficiency for all range of total wavenumber. The results of present study help to determine the allowable maximum scale parameter of the geopotential field when a Gaussian-bell type is adopted as a localized function.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.9-27
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• 2003

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effects of electro-acupuncture(EA) at the SP6(Sameumgyo)-GB39(Hyeonjong) on normal human EEG using power spectral analysis. Methods : EEG power spectrum exhibit site-specific and state-related differences in specific frequency bands. In this study, power spectrum was used as a measure of complexity(LAXTHA Co., KOREA). 30 channel EEG study was carried out in 20 subjects $(20\;males;\;age=21.4{\pm}0.5\;years)$. Results : In $\alpha$(alpha) band, the power values at F4 channels(p<0.05) during the SP6-GB39 acupoints treatment was significantly increased. But, the power values at Fz channel during the non-acupoint treatment was significantly decreased . In $\beta$(beta) band, the power values at Fz, FTC1, T3 channels(p<0.05) was significantly increased during the SP6-GB39 acupoints treatment. In $\delta$(delta) band, the power values at F4, C3, Cz, CP1, Pz channels(p<0.05) during SP6-GB39 acupoints treatment were significantly decreased.

• 천문학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2011

We calculate the energy spectra of cosmic ray (CR) protons and electrons at a plane shock with quasi-parallel magnetic fields, using time-dependent, diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) simulations, including energy losses via synchrotron emission and Inverse Compton (IC) scattering. A thermal leakage injection model and a Bohm type diffusion coefficient are adopted. The electron spectrum at the shock becomes steady after the DSA energy gains balance the synchrotron/IC losses, and it cuts off at the equilibrium momentum $p_{eq}$. In the postshock region the cutoff momentum of the electron spectrum decreases with the distance from the shock due to the energy losses and the thickness of the spatial distribution of electrons scales as $p^{-1}$. Thus the slope of the downstream integrated spectrum steepens by one power of p for $p_{br}$ < p < $p_{eq}$, where the break momentum decreases with the shock age as $p_{br}\;{\infty}\;t^{-1}$. In a CR modified shock, both the proton and electron spectrum exhibit a concave curvature and deviate from the canonical test-particle power-law, and the upstream integrated electron spectrum could dominate over the downstream integrated spectrum near the cutoff momentum. Thus the spectral shape near the cutoff of X-ray synchrotron emission could reveal a signature of nonlinear DSA.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.63-73
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• 2013

The parameters of electromechanical modes offer considerable insight into the dynamic stability properties of a power system. This paper presents a results of a LFO(low-frequency oscillation) based on the time-synchronized signals measured by synchrophasor in the rolling blackout. Spectral analysis was performed, and critical parameters were estimated using the data acquired from synchrophasors installed in the KEPCO system. As significant modes, a 0.68 Hz oscillation mode that occurred prior to the forced load shedding in the rolling blackout was estimated. Such an oscillation mode can cause an uncontrollable blackout. Therefore, the system should be operated so that significant oscillation modes are not activated. This results can serve as a reference in the future for reliable system operation in the event of a similar blackout.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2004

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effects of electroacupuncture(EA) at the $H_7$ (Shinmun) on normal humans using power spectral analysis. Methods : EEG power spectrum exhibit site-specific and state-related differences in specific frequency bands. In this study, power spectrum was used as a measure of complexity. 32 channel EEG study was carried out in 9 subjects (9 males; age=25,8 years). Results : In alpha band, the power values at Fp2 channels(p<0.05) during the $H_7-acupoint$ treatment significantly were decreased. In beta band, the power values at Fp1, Fp2 channels(p<0.05) during the $H_7-acupoint$ treatment significantly were decreased. In delta and theta band, the power values at the $H_7-acupoint$ treatment significantly was increased than the before-acupuncture treatment. Conclusions : This results suggest that electroacupuncture at the $H_7$ is significantly in beta band of EEG.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제29권12권
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• pp.1597-1604
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• 2005

The identification of a moving noise source is important in reducing the source power of the transport systems such as airplanes or high speed trains. However, the direct measurement using a microphone running with noise source is usually difficult due to wind noise, white the source motion distorts the frequency characteristics of the pass-by sound measured at a fixed point. In this study the relationship between the spectra of the source and the pass-by sound signal is analyzed for an acoustic source moving at a constant velocity. Spectrum of the sound signal measured at a fixed point has an integral relationship with the source spectrum. Nevertheless direct conversion of the measured spectrum to the source spectrum is ill-posed due to the singularity of the integral kernel. Alternatively a differential equation approach is proposed, where the source characteristics can be recovered by solving a differential equation relating the source signal to the distorted measurement in time domain. The parameters such as the source speed and the time origin, required beforehand, are also determined only from the frequency-phase relationship using an auxiliary measurement. With the help of the regularization method, the source signal is successfully recovered. The effects of the parameter errors to the estimated frequency characteristics of the source are investigated through numerical simulations.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제38권10호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2001

초광대역 통신은 전 주파수 대역에 걸쳐 스펙트럼이 존재하는 광대역 신호를 이용하는 방식이다. 이 신호의 스펙트럼은 마치 기저 대역 잡음과 유사한 형태로 존재하고 그 전력 또한 매우 낮게 구성할 수 있으므로, 타 통신 시스템에 간섭을 주지 않고 통신을 가능하게 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 평균값이 0이고 대칭성을 갖는 레일리 모노펄스 Antipodal 방식을 처음으로 적용하였다. 확률 과정에 의한 전력 스펙트럼을 분석한 결과, 기존의 펄스 위치 변조에서 발생되는 불연속 스펙트럼을 완전히 제거하여 스펙트럼의 억압도를 높이고, 오류 확률 및 전송 속도 면에서도 유리함을 보였다.