• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.545-552
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• 2012

This study evaluated the validity and reliability of applying a newly developed dish-based, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Korean diet and cancer research. The subjects in the present study were 288 Korean adults over 30 years of age who had completed two FFQs and four 3-day diet records (DRs) from May 2008 to February 2009. Student's t-tests, Chi-square tests, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were used to estimate and compare intakes from different dietary assessment tools. Agreement in quintiles was calculated to validate agreement between the results of the second FFQ (FFQ-2) conducted in February 2009 and the DRs. Median Spearman's correlation coefficients between the intake of nutrients and foods assessed by the FFQ-1 and FFQ-2 were 0.59 and 0.57, respectively, and the coefficients between the intake of nutrients and foods assessed by the FFQ-2 and the DRs were 0.31 and 0.29, respectively. The quintile classifications of same or adjacent quintile for intake of nutrients and foods were 64% and 65%, respectively. Misclassification into opposite quintiles occurred in less than 5% for all dietary factors. Thus this newly-developed, Korean dish-based FFQ demonstrated moderate correspondence with the four 3-day DRs. Its reliability and validity are comparable to those reported in other studies.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.433-441
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a dish-based semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Korean adolescents and evaluate its reproducibility and validity. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Based on 24-hour dietary recall data from the 4th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), we developed a FFQ with 71 items. From a quota sample of 160 adolescents recruited using gender and age group as stratification variables, 153 participated in the complete data collection process. The FFQ was administered to each subject twice, at an interval of 3-4 weeks, to evaluate the test-retest reliability. The validity of the FFQ was assessed relative to 8-day food record data. RESULTS: The study findings demonstrated the FFQ's satisfactory reproducibility. Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.64(for ${\beta}-carotene$) to 0.81(for protein). From cross-classification analyses, the proportion of subjects in the same intake quartile was highest for protein (65.4%) and lowest for vitamin A(47.1%). With regard to validity analysis, Spearman correlation coefficients ranged from 0.27(for vitamin A and fiber) to 0.90 (for energy). The proportions of subjects in the opposite categories between the first FFQ and the 8-day food record data were generally low within the range from 0.74% (for energy and carbohydrate) to 13.2% (for ${\beta}-carotene$). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the dish-based semiquantitative FFQ developed in this study can be useful for grouping Korean adolescents according to major macro- and micronutrient intakes with reasonable reproducibility and validity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.355-361
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• 2015

Background: Deletion types of genetic variants of glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and T1, the GSTM1 null and GSTT1 null which are risk factors for certain cancers, have been ubiquitously found in human populations but their worldwide distribution pattern is unclear. Materials and Methods: To perform a meta-analysis, a systematic search for the literature on GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes was done to identify 63 reports for 81 human populations. Relationships between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype frequencies and the absolute latitude of 81 populations were tested by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results: A significant positive correlation was detected between the GSTM1 null genotype frequency and the absolute latitude (r=0.28, p-value <0.05), whereas the GSTT1 null genotype frequency and absolute latitude showed a significant negative correlation (r= -0.41 p-value <0.01). There was no correlation between the frequencies of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype in each population (r= -0.029, p-value=0.80). Conclusions: Latitudinal clines of the distribution of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes may be attributed to the result of gene-environmental adaptation. No functional compensation between GSTM1 and GSTT1 was suggested by the lack of correlation between the null frequencies for GSTM1 and GSTT1.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.208-219
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• 1998

In the light of the strategic utilization of the national R & D projects, this paper is to induce the spin-off strategies to improve the national R & D effectiveness through analyzing the spin-off characteristics of nuclear technologies, the spin-off status of the advanced countries and the case study of Korean nuclear spin-offs. Spin-off process is viewed as a three-stage operation, such as preparation stage, implementation stage and maintenance stage. In order to find the correlation between the influencing factors and spin-off effectiveness, the Spearman's correlation coefficient was employed as a specific statistical technique. By integrating this correlation, spin-off process and spin-off strategies, this paper presents an efficient framework to improve the spin-off effectiveness.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2015

In this paper, we build a primary school textbook corpus and a statistical analysis was performed with respect to the vocabulary found in elementary textbooks. also We performed the Spearman's correlation coefficient in order to explore whether similar elementary textbooks in general life used vocabulary. the result of this study shows that corpus building in the form of elementary school textbooks and actual examples. then numerically shown correlation of the elementary textbooks and general corpus.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.235-248
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• 1997

This study was aimed to validate the Infant/Toddler Environment Rating scale (ITERS). The rating scale was translated and adjusted appropriately by two researchers majoring child studies. An item-by-item comparison of the ITERS with criteria of NAEYC was conducted as the measure of content validity. 88% of the items of the ITERS was covered on the NAEYC criteria. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing ITERS scores and the Assessment Profile for early childhood Programs scores. The total correlation of two scores was .87. The sample for the inetrater reliability and internal consistency studies included 30 infant/toddler classes in 30 day care center in Inchon city. Two observers independently rated each class on the ITERS during a single visit. The Spearman's correlation coefficient for interater reliability on the overall scale was .74. For the measure of internal consistency, the Cronbach's Alpha score on the overall scale was .93. The rating results show that national/public child care centers have better quality in Adult Needs and Learning Activities subscales than private child care centers have.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.871-879
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analysis the correlation between kidneys function indicators and these size in ultrasonography. A total of 170 (male:86, female:84) patients of sex and age groups were examined by abdominal ultrasonography. The patients classified as those in their 20's, 30's, 40's, and over 50's. We measured the length, width, and cross-sectional height of the kidneys twice. At this time, the length of these were measured from the maximum upper to the maximum lower pole and the widest width in the same ultrasonography was measured to obtain the cross-sectional area. Other relevant indicators included body surface area, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), MDRD (Modification of diet in renal disease) and C-G (Cockcroft-Gault). Significant comparisons of differences between relevant factors by age groups and sex were conducted with a one-way distribution analysis. Correlation analysis was also performed between relevant factors by using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient. It was defined as meaningful when the p-value was less than 0.05. As a result, the length, the width, and the cross-sectional area of kidneys were correlated with GFR, C-G, MDRD. Therefore, it is expected that the accuracy of diagnosis of kidneys disease will be increased if the relevant indicators are evaluated together rather than measuring only length of these in ultrasonography.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2016

Although high mammographic density is one of the strongest predictors of breast cancer risk, X-ray based mammography cannot be performed before the recommended screening age, especially not in adolescents and young women. Therefore, new techniques for breast density measurement are of interest. In this pilot study in Guam and Hawaii, we evaluated a radiation-free, bioimpedance device called Electrical Breast Densitometer$^{TM}$ (EBD; senoSENSE Medical Systems, Inc., Ontario, Canada) for measuring breast density in 95 women aged 31-82 years and 41 girls aged 8-18 years. Percent density (PD) was estimated in the women's most recent mammogram using a computer-assisted method. Correlation coefficients and linear regression were applied for statistical analysis. In adult women, mean EBD and PD values of the left and right breasts were $230{\pm}52$ and $226{\pm}50{\Omega}$ and $23.7{\pm}15.1$ and $24.2{\pm}15.2%$, respectively. The EBD measurements were inversely correlated with PD ($r_{Spearman}=-0.52$, p<0.0001); the correlation was stronger in Caucasians ($r_{Spearman}=-0.70$, p<0.0001) than Asians ($r_{Spearman}=-0.54$, p<0.01) and Native Hawaiian/Chamorro/Pacific Islanders ($r_{Spearman}=-0.34$, p=0.06). Using 4 categories of PD (<10, 10-25, 26-50, 51-75%), the respective mean EBD values were $256{\pm}32$, $249{\pm}41$, $202{\pm}46$, and $178{\pm}43{\Omega}$ (p<0.0001). In girls, the mean EBD values in the left and right breast were $148{\pm}40$ and $155{\pm}54{\Omega}$; EBD values decreased from Tanner stages 1 to 4 ($204{\pm}14$, $154{\pm}79$, $136{\pm}43$, and $119{\pm}16{\Omega}$ for stages 1-4, respectively) but were higher at Tanner stage 5 ($165{\pm}30{\Omega}$). With further development, this bioimpedance method may allow for investigations of breast development among adolescent, as well as assessment of breast cancer risk early in life and in populations without access to mammography.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.154-163
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• 1999

GRBAS scale, the tool fir the perceptual evaluation of voice, demands the experience of judges, and MDVP parameters of CSL, the tool for the objective measurements of voice quality demands the exact interpretation of the analyzed results. The two tools should be used as compensatory evaluation methods, so the experimental study was performed to investigate the correlation between GRBAS scales and MDVP parameters by using the pathologic voice of the 30 patients with vocal polyps, and to know the significant MDVP parameters which the inexperienced GRBAS scale judges should attend to. The 30 subjects voices, saved in MDVP of CSL were analyzed by its own analysis program, and three experienced voice therapists judged the same voices by using GRBAS scales. The correlations between them were analyzed by Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient. As results, among the 29 MDVP parameters, 22 parameters showed statistically significant correlation with Grade(G) scale(p＜0.05). And it was found that Roughness(R) scale showed significant correlation with 18 parameters, Breathiness(B) scale with 17 parameters, Strain(S) scale with 12 parameters. In Asthenicity(A) scale, no parameter showed significant correlation. On the whole, significantly high correlation were found in the parameters related with pitch ind amplitude perturbation, especially, the amplitude perturbation.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.31-38
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• 2017

Objectives The purpose of this study was to find out the clinically reliable relationships between the Risser sign and chronological age, bone age, menarche, and adult height prediction (AHP) and to evidence the reliability of the Risser sign. Methods This study had been carried out with 50 children who had their growth checked in an oriental medical hospital from January 2015 to February 2017. We investigated Risser sign in AP X-rays with iliac crest, bone age, AHP for all 50 children and the timing of menarche from the 22 girls in the study subjects. We also investigated a correlation between the Risser stage and the other indicators to analyze statistical data. Results The mean chronological ages of Risser 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 11.2, 12.6, 14.4, and 15.5 years respectively for the boys and 10.8, 12.2, 13.8 and 14.8 years respectively for the girls. The mean bone ages of Risser 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 12.3, 13.6, 15.7 and 16.5 years respectively for the boys and 11.7, 13.8, 14.3 and 14.9 years respectively for the girls. We analyzed 22 girls' Risser stages in accordance with the duration from menarche. The result showed that in the first six months after menarche, all girls were in Risser 1 and 2; in the next six months, the girls were in Risser 2 on average; in the next 12 months, all girls were in Risser 3 and 4; after more than two years from menarche, all girls were in Risser 4. The mean remaining growth height of Risser 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 27.8, 17.3, 4.4 and 1.0 cm respectively for the boys and 14.5, 5.1, 3.1 and 1.1 cm respectively for the girls. The Risser stage was correlated strongly with chronological age (Spearman's rho=0.707 (boy), 0.841 (girl)), bone age (Spearman's rho=0.869 (boy), 0.875 (girl)), duration from menarche (Spearman's rho=0.909) and remaining growth height (Spearman's rho=-0.784 (boy), -0.878 (girl)). Conclusions This study showed that the Risser sign can be useful in assessing skeletal maturity and predicting remaining growth height based on the Risser stage and the other growth indicators.