• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.1587-1594
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• 2010

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Artemisia capillaris extracts on the intestinal microflora. In agar diffusion method, the solvent fractions of Artemisia capillaris showed growth inhibition against the intestinal microflora. In particular, the chloroform fraction of Artemisia capillaris had strong antibacterial activity against Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Eubacterium limosum, and Bacteroides fragilis, but did not show antibacterial activity against Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Most chloroform fraction of Artemisia capillaris inhibitory activities were not reduced by heat treatment or pH variation against C. perfringens, C. difficile, E. limosum, and B. fragilis. MICs of the chloroform fraction were 1.25 mg/mL against C. perfringens, E. limosum and B. fragilis and 2.5 mg/mL against C. difficile. MBCs of chloroform fraction were 5 mg/mL against C. perfringens, E. limosum and 2.5 mg/mL against C. difficile, B. fragilis. The ethyl acetate fraction of Artemisia capillaris showed $3.08{\pm}0.03$ mg/10 mg total polyphenol and $1.91{\pm}0.03$ mg/10 mg total flavonoid contents. In vivo tests were performed to investigate the influence of Artemisia capillaris extract on the intestinal microflora in rats. The results showed the possibilities of utilizing Artemisia capillaris extracts as a functional food component to control intestinal microflora.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.237-243
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• 2005

Methanol, ether, ethylacetate and water extracts from flesh and peel of yuna (Citrus junos) were investigated to analyze their ability of electron donating, nitrite scavenging and nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation in model system. The electron donating ability of ynza flesh extract, when it added at 10 mg/ml or over, were more an $50\%$, except ether extract. The high electron donating ability ($99.2{\pm}0.37\%$) was observed in the methanol extract and its effect was similar to BHA and ascorbic acid, when 40 mg/ml of methanol extract was added in reaction solution. Nitrite scavenging ability of all extracts ken yuza was increased in proportion to sample concentration and more than $40\%$ when 1 mg/ml sample was added, under pH 1.2. Also nitrite scavenging ability was higher in peel extracts than flesh extracts of yuza. Inhibition ratio of NDMA formation from flesh methanol extract of yuza was $31.7{\pm}1.25\%$, when 40 mg/ml added under pH 1.2. In all samples, inhibition effects were lower than $20\%$, at pH 4.2 and 6.0.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.472-477
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• 2004

Hypoglycemie effect of Moutan Radicis Cortex (MRC) extract contained in Yukmijihuang-hwan was determined by investigating insulin-sensitizing and ${\alpha}-glucoamylase-suppressing$ actions. MRC was extracted with 70% ethanol, fractionated by XAD-4 column chromatography with mixture solvent of methanol and water, and utilized for hypoglycemic effect assay. Significant insulin sensitizing activities of MRC extracts were observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, giving MRC extracts with 1 ng/mL insulin reach glucose uptake level increased by 50 ng/mL of insulin alone. MRC methanol extracts of 20, 40, 60, and 80% suppressed ${\alpha}-glucoamylase$ activity in vitro. Peak serum glucose levels and area under curve were lower in Sprague Dawley male rats treated with MRC ethanol extract than those treated with cellulose in oral glucose tolerance test using 2 g dextrin/kg body weight. These data suggest MRC extracts contain effective insulin -sensitizing and ${\alpha}-glucoamylase-suppressing$ compounds for hypoglycemic activity.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.71-82
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• 1996

This study has been undertaken to evaluate hydrophobic cyclodextrin(CD) derivatives as a sustained release carrier of azidothymidine(AZT), AZT, which has potent activity against AIDS and AIDS-related complex as thymidine analogue, has been reported that it has significant toxicity and short half life. Therefore, it is necessary to design sustained release oral dosage form to avoid undesirable side effects attributable to an excessive plasma concentration and to reduce the frequency of administration of AZT. Inclusion complexes of AZT with $acetyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin\;(AC{\beta}CD)$ and $triacetyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin(TA{\beta}CD)$ were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Interactions of AZT with CD were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC) and Infrared Spectrophotometry(IR). The decreasing order of water solubilities of AZT and AZT-CD inclusion complexes were as follows; $AZT\;(27.873{\pm}0.015,mg/ml)\;>\;AZT-AC{\beta}CD\;(3.377{\pm}0.003)\;>\;AZT-TA{\beta}CD\;(2.528{\pm}0.001)$. Partition coefficients of $AZT-AC{\beta}CD\;and;\AZT-TA{\beta}CD$ inclusion complexes were increased by 1.27-fold, 1.54-fold in pH 1.2 and 1.32-fold, 1.47-fold in pH 6.8 in comparison with that of AZT. The mean dissolution time (MDT, min) which represents the rapidity of dissolution rate of AZT, $AZT-AC{\beta}CD,\;AZT-TA{\beta}CD$ were 5.12, 14.02 and 19.38 min in pH 1.2 and 2.52, 15.19 and 18.19 min in pH 6.8. AZT was very rapidly and completely dissolved in pH 1.2 and pH 6.8 within 5 minutes. But AZT-CD inclusion complexes showed the sustained release pattern in comparison with AZT alone. The simultaneous in situ nasal and jejunal recirculation study to compare the intrinsic absorptivity and the property of absorption sites revealed that the absorption of $AZT-TA{\beta}CD\;(N:35.35{\pm}1.08%,\;J:27.47{\pm}1.18%)$ was more than that of $AZT\;(N:16.89{\pm}2.25%,\;J:15.86{\pm}2.33%)$. The above results suggest that $TA{\beta}CD$ which is a hydrophobic cyclodextrin may serve as sustained release carrier with absorption enhancing effect.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.258-262
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• 2005

For the purpose of developing natural antioxidant, the antioxidative activity and antimicrobial of phenolics isolated from Baek-bu-ja (Aconiti koreani Rhizoma) were determined. Optimum extracting condition for phenolics were water extracts. HPLC analysis showed that the four major phenolic metabolites were rosemarinic, protocatechuic, caffeic and chlorogenic acids. The water extracts of Baekbuja did not have antimicrobial activity against H. pylori; however, the ethanol extracts revealed higher antimicrobial activity. Electron donation ability on DPPH of Baekbuja ethanol extract was 20% higher than other ethanol extracts. The 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical decolorization (ABTS) and antioxidant protection factor (PF) were determined with extracts from Aconiti koreani Rhizoma. 94% inhibition and 1.14 PF were shown on ABTS and antioxidant protection factor with 60% ethanol extracts. Also, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) showed $0.19\;{\mu}M$ in the control and $0.07\;{\mu}M$ in the 80% ethanol extracts. The result suggests that Baekbuja extract may be useful as potential sources of anti Helicobacter pylori, antioxidant.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.151-155
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• 2018

In this study, cinnamon essential oil (CEO) was formulated as emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and a granule. For the evaluation of their negative effects on the ecosystem, acute toxicities against Cyprinus carpio was determined in a static condition. The formulations were made using CEOs extracted by 3 different methods (steam distillation (SD), solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)) and were tested to obtain $LC_{50}$ values. Among the ECs, EC including CEO extracted by SFE showed highest acute toxicity against C. carpio. Among the granules, a granule including CEO extracted by SD showed highest acute toxicity against C. carpio. Nevertheless, $LC_{50}$ of EC and a granule formulation with CEOs was higher than toxicity level III of pesticide standardized by Korea rural development administration. These results were similar to those using zebrafishes. Chronic toxicities were not found for 45 days in zebrafishes until $500{\mu}gL^{-1}$ level of EC formulation including CEO obtained by the SD. Based on these results, EC formulation of CEOs may be considered to be used as environmental-friendly natural insecticides in accordance with the standards.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.133-143
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• 2007

This study was performed to evaluate the co- and sequential separation of Tc, Np and U from the simulated multi-component HLW solution by a TBP (tributyl phosphate)-TOA (tri- octyl amine)/NDD $(n-dodecane)-HNO_3$ extraction system. An optimal condition of (30% TBP-0.5% TOA)/NDD-1 M $HNO_3$ was selected by taking account of a prevention of the 3rd phase and effects of concentration of TBP, TOA and nitric acid on the co-extraction of Tc, Np and U. In that condition, the extraction yields were 81% (Tc), 85% (Np), less than 9% (Am and RE elements), about 8% (Pd), and less than 5% (other elements) so that the system developed for the co-extraction of Tc, Np and U was proved to be available. For that, however, more than 99% of Zr was found to be pre-removed. The co-extracted Tc, Np and U were sequentially separated in order of Tc(stripping agent : 5 M $HNO_3$)${\rightarrow}Np$ by reductive stripping (reductive-stripping agent : 0.1 M AHA)${\rightarrow}U$ (stripping agent : 0.01 M $HNO_3$), and then their separation factors were evaluated. At these conditions, 95% of Tc, 98% of Np and 99% of U could be recovered in each step.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2013

Gibberllic acid ($GA_3$) is one of gibberellins (GAs) that are a class of plant growth hormones that exert profound and diverse effects on plant growth and development. $GA_3$ is essentially non-UV absorbing and is difficult to assay by UV-detector. For effective extraction of gibberellic acid from fruits by using liquid-liquid extraction, optimized pH and extraction solvent were established. The selective and sensitive derivative of $GA_3$ for HPLC/UV-vis was derivatized using phenacyl bromide, and the experimental factors, including reaction time, reaction temperature and amount of derivatizing reagent and base were investigated for the effective synthesis. The derivatized $GA_3$ with phenacyl bromide was effectively analyzed by HPLC/UV-vis. The structure of derivatized $GA_3$ was confirmed by HPLC/ESI-MS. For apple, LOD and LOQ were 0.008 mg/kg and 0.027 mg/kg, respectively. For pear, LOD and LOQ were 0.003 mg/kg, 0.012 mg/kg, respectively. The established method can be applied to more effective analysis of $GA_3$ from plant and food.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1025-1032
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• 2009

This study investigated a possibility to develop an adsorption process for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the solvent emitted during dry cleaning. Pitch activated carbon fiber (ACF) was chosen as an adsorbent of VOCs, and an electric swing adsorption process was utilized for the reproduction of the adsorbent after the completion of VOCs adsorption. Effects of ACF types and several solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and toluene were examined on breakthrough curves and amounts of adsorbed VOCs. ACF was pretreated under various conditions in order to enhance the amounts of the adsorbed VOCs. Temperatures and voltages were measured for the reproduction of the ACF after full adsorption. ACF having micropores exhibited high adsorption of TCE, and high surface area of ACF could increase the adsorption property of toluene. In general, ACF could adsorb 41~54% TCE of the adsorbent weight. The increase of inlet VOCs concentration significantly decreased the breakthrough time and slightly lowered the amounts of adsorbed VOCs. Thus, ACF could effectively adsorb VOCs in low concentration in the feed stream. ACF pretreated by heat under vacuum showed excellent toluene adsorption with controlling oxygen functional groups on the ACF surface, which revealed that vacant carbon site could be the adsorption point of toluene. Most adsorbed toluene was desorbed at $150^{\circ}C$.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2016

The objective was to investigate the hypoglycemic action of catalpol in spontaneous diabetes db/db mice. 40 db/db mice were randomly divided into five groups: model control gourp; db/db plus catalpol 40, 80, 120 mg/kg body wt. groups and db/db plus metformin 250 mg/kg group. Age-matched db/m mice were selected as normal control group. The mice were administered with corresponding drugs or solvent by gavage for 4 weeks. The oral glucose tolerance test was carried out at the end of $3^{rd}$ week. After 4 weeks of treatment, the concentrations of fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated serum protein (GSP), insulin (INS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and adiponection (APN) in serum were detected. The protein expressions of phosphorylation-$AMPK{\alpha}$1/2 in liver, phosphorylation-$AMPK{\alpha}$1/2 and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues were detected by western blot. Real time RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expressions of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and Hydroxymethyl glutaric acid acyl CoA reductase (HMGCR) in liver. Our results showed that catalpol could significantly improve the insulin resistance, decrease the serum concentrations of INS, GSP, TG, and TC. The concentrations of APN in serum, the protein expression of phosphorylation-$AMPK{\alpha}$1/2 in liver, phosphorylation-$AMPK{\alpha}$1/2 and GLUT-4 in peripheral tissue were increased. Catalpol could also down regulate the mRNA expressions of ACC and HMGCR in liver. In conclusion, catalpol ameliorates diabetes in db/db mice. It has benefit effects against lipid/glucose metabolism disorder and insulin resistance. The mechanism may be related to up-regulating the expression of phosphorylation-$AMPK{\alpha}$1/2.