• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2015

The drag of the excess charge in an electrical double layer at the solid fluid interface due to water flow induces the streaming current, i.e., the streaming potential (SP). Here we introduce a sandbox experiment to study this hydroelectric coupling in case of a tracer test. An acrylic tank was filled up with homogeneous sand as a sand aquifer, and the upstream and downstream reservoirs were connected to the sand aquifer to control the hydraulic gradient. Under a steady-state water flow condition, a tracer test was performed in the sandbox with the help of peristaltic pump, and tracer samples were collected from the same interval of five screened wells in the sandbox. During the tracer test, SP signals resulting from the distribution of 20 nonpolarizable electrodes were measured at the top of the tank by a multichannel meter. The results showed that there were changes in the observed SP after injection of tracer, which indicated that the SP was likely to be related to the solute transport.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2012

Chemical and isotopic variations of snowmelt provide important clues for understanding snowmelt processes and the timing and contribution of snowmelt to catchment or watershed in spring. The newly developed model includes a hydraulic exchange between mobile and immobile water (${\omega}$), and isotopic exchanges between both mobile water and ice ($f_1$) and immobile water and ice ($f_2$). Since the new model is based on the mobile-immobile water conceptualization, which is widely used for describing chemical tracer transport in snow, it allows simultaneous calculations of chemical as well as isotopic variations in snowpack discharge. We compare the model results with a study of solute transport and isotopic evolution of snowmelt in snow, using artificial rain-on-snow experiments with conservative anion ($Br^-$). These observations are used to test the newly developed model and to better understand physical processes in a seasonal snowpack where our model simulates the chemical and isotopic variations.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2022

Sorption of phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) in several sorbents, i.e., natural soil, BionSoil^®, Pahokee peat, vermicompost and Devonian Ohio Shale and a surfactant (hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride)-modified montmorillonite (HDTMA-M) were investigated. Pyrene exhibited higher sorption tendency than phenanthrene, as predicted by its higher octanol to water partition coefficient (K_ow). Several sorption models: linear, Freundlich, solubility-normalized Freundlich model, and Polanyi-Manes model (PMM) were used to analyze sorption isotherms. Linear isotherms were observed for natural soil, BionSoil^®, Pahokee peat, vermicompost, while nonlinear Freundlich isotherms fitted for Ohio shale and HDTMA-M. The relationship between sorption model parameters, organic carbon content (f_oc), and elemental C/N ratio was studied. In the binary competitive sorption of phenanthrene and pyrene in natural soil, competition between the solutes caused reduction in the sorption of each solute compared with that in the single-solute system. The ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) coupled with the single-solute Freundlich model was not successful in describing the binary competitive sorption equilibria. This was due to the inherent nature of linear sorption of phenanthrene and pyrene in natural soil. The result indicates that the applicability of IAST for the prediction of binary competitive sorption is limited when the sorption isotherms are inherently linear.

• 멤브레인
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 유기용매용 나노여과막 (Organic Solvent Nanofiltration, OSN)의 유기용매 투과 및 분리성능을 분석하였다. 비극성용매에 적합한 Puramem (PM) 시리즈 분리막의 소재를 분석한 후 다양한 유기용매 분위기에서의 투과성능을 데드엔드셀로 측정하였다. PM 시리즈 분리막은 극성용매 대비 비극성용매에서 더 높은 투과도를 보였으며, 용질의 종류 및 분자량에 따라 매우 독특한 배제성능을 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 기존 수처리에 적용되는 Solution-diffusion 투과모델이 OSN 투과모델에는 적합하지 않다는 것을 알 수 있으며, solvent-solute-membrane 간의 상관관계를 더 정확하게 반영할 수 있는 새로운 인자가 필요하다는 결론을 낼 수 있다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2022

Choline chloride-glycerol (1:2 mol), a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) is examined as a draw solution in forward osmosis (FO) for dewatering application. The NADES is easy to prepare, low in toxicity and environmentally benign. A polyamide thin film composite membrane was used. Characterization of the membrane confirmed porous membrane structure with good hydrophilicity and a low structural parameter (722 ㎛) suitable for FO application. A dilute solution of 20% (v/v) NADES was enough to generate moderate water flux (14.98 L m^-2h^-1) with relatively low reverse solute flux (0.125 g m^-2h^-1) with deionized water feed. Application in dewatering industrial wastewater feed showed reasonably good water flux (11.9 L m^-2h^-1) which could be maintained by controlling the external concentration polarization and fouling/scaling mitigation via simple periodic deionized water wash. In another application, clarified sugarcane juice could be successfully concentrated. Recovery of the draw solute was accomplished easily by chilling utilizing thermo responsive phase transition property of NADES. This study established that low concentration NADES can be a viable alternative as a draw solute for dewatering of wastewater and other heat sensitive applications along with a simple recovery process.

• 멤브레인
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.409-415
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• 2023

고성능 분리막 제조기술과 더불어 새로운 분리막 다단공정 설계를 통해 용매사용량 감소 및 선택도 향상이 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 내용매성 셀룰로스 나노분리막을 제조하여 용매에 따른 용질의 선택도 차이를 비교하였다. 제막한 셀룰로스 막을 기반으로 비극성 용매의 선택도 평가를 진행하였으며, 비극성 용매에서 용질에 대한 음배제율이 관측되었다. 특히, 분자량이 클수록 음배제율이 높아지는 역선택도의 거동을 확인하였다. 이를 기반으로 설계한 공정에서는 기존 분획 공정 대비 3배 이상의 용매저감이 가능한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.422-429
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• 2023

High-strength low-alloy steel is one of the widely used materials in onshore and offshore plant engineering. We investigated the alloying effect of solute atoms in α-Fe based alloy using ab initio calculations. Empirical equations were used to establish the effect of alloying on the Vicker's hardness, screw energy coefficient, and edge dislocation energy coefficient of the steel. Screw and edge energy coefficients were improved by the addition of V and Cr solute atoms. In addition, the addition of trace quantities of V, Cr, and Mn enhanced abrasion resistance. Solute atoms and contents with excellent mechanical properties were selected and their thermal conductivity and thermal expansion behavior were investigated. The addition of Cr atom is expected to form alloys with low thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient. This study provides a better understanding of the state-of-the-art research in low-alloy steel and can be used to guide researchers to explore and develop α-Fe based alloys with improved properties, that can be fabricated in smart and cost-effective manners.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.278-282
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• 2024

Recently, hot rolled galvanized steel is widely used in automotive parts. As the paradigm of the automotive market has changed from fossil fuel vehicle to electric vehicle, the automotive industry needs more high-strength steels to reduce weights of automobiles. However, because high-strength steel contains high solute carbon, it is expected to have a risk of stretcher-strain on the surface due to dislocation trapping by solute [C] and [N]. Generally, galvanized steel is supposed to pass through a furnace around the temperature of Zinc pot to increase material temperature. Otherwise, the inhibition layer could not be formed. However, solute carbon and nitrogen are volatile enough to move around the furnace temperature. Moreover, the ratio of ferrite phase and precipitated Fe3C can be variable, resulting in yield point elongation related to the stretcher strain. Furthermore, the quality of the galvanized surface can be affected by a high temperature of the furnace. Although a relatively hot rolled galvanizing line furnace has a lower temperature than an annealing line furnace, it can affect various quality aspects. In other words, this paper aims to determine how these phenomena appear concerning furnace temperature.

• 한국토양환경학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 1996

실험실 내에서 부피비로 약 50%내외의 수분함량을 가진 3개의 서로 다른 깊이의 토양에서 염소와 중수의 확산계수는 4.8$\times$ $10${-7}$ 부터 7.2$\times$ $10${-7}$ $\textrm{cm}^2$/sec와 5.5 $\times$ $10${-5}$ 부터 1.6$\times$ $10${-4}$ $\textrm{cm}^2$//sec였다. 한편, 물과 물질의 이동성에 대한 연구는 중간사로 구성된 토양층 위에 위치하는 점토로부터 미사질 양토에 속하는 약 70cm깊이의 토양에서 실시되었고, 87일간의 실험기간동안 리터당 15.2$m\ell$의 염소와 0.6bq의 중수로 처리된 물을 일정한 유량(2cm/일)으로 관개하였다. 토양의 깊이와 시간에 따른 염소와 중수의 변동위치는 suction probe에 채취된 토양수를 가지고 측정하였는데 실험지 안에서 서로 다른 깊이 또는 동일 위치에서 염소와 중수가 발견되었다. 이러한 실험의 결과로부터 추정컨대 토양수의 유속과 표면확산 계수가 염소와 중수의 분포에 직접적인 영향을 미쳤고 24개의 suction probe에서의 결과는 실질적 물질과 토양의 상호작용의 효과를 나타내는 순수치의 25% 내외에서 평가치를 추정할 수 있었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.33-36
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• 2007

최근 들어 preferential flow같은 현장조건의 불균질한 매질을 이동하는 지하수 거동해석에 이류 분산 방정식을 적용하는데 많은 문제점들이 제기되어 왔다. 이에 따라 Kim 등(2005)은 최소한의 모형인자로 preferential flow 경로를 통한 토양지하수의 흐름을 예측할 수 있는 간단한 모형을 개발한 바 있다. Kim 등(2005)이 제시한 Generalized Preferential Flow Model(GPFM)은 토양을 표층주변의 분배 층(distribution layer)과 그 밑의 운반구역(conveyance zone)으로 나누어 거동을 예측하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 GPFM을 간단히 소개하고 기존의 다른 실험결과에 적용한 후 이류분산방정식(CDM)과의 비교를 통해 모형을 검증해 보고자 하였다. 기존에 발표된 두 개의 실험값에 GPFM을 적용해본 결과, GPFM은 세 가지 인자-유효함수비, 유속, 분산계수-를 입력하여 silty 및 sandy loam 토양 내 추적자의 파과곡선을 잘 예측하였다. CDM을 이용한 예측 값과 비교한 결과 GPFM과 CDM 모두 실제 관측된 파과곡선과 일치된 경향을 보였으나, GPFM에 의해 추측된 인자들이 더 현실적으로 가능한 값을 나타내었다. 인용된 두 실험값에 GPFM을 적용할 경우 예측 값에 가장 영향을 끼친 인자는 유효함수비로 나타났는데, 이는 Kim 등(2005)이 같은 종류의 토양에서 유속이 GPFM의 결과에 가장 영향을 끼쳤다고 보고한 것에 비해, 다른 성질의 토양에서는 유효 함수비가 가장 결정적인 인자임을 보여준다. 본 연구를 통해 GPFM이 이용하기가 쉽고 여러 가지 현장조건에 적용성이 높아 preferential flow 경로를 통한 토양지하수의 흐름을 예측할 수 있는 유용한 도구임을 확인하였다.