• Animal cells and systems
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.455-462
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• 1998

A survey was conducted on the inorganic and organic solute patterns of plants in connection with nitrate metabolism according to different light regimes (1.9, 16.0, 91.5 $Wm^{-2}$). Besides measuring in vivo NRA, we also quantitatively analyzed ater-soluble inorganic ions, organic acids, low molecular weight carbohydrates, amino aciss and total N (% DW). Among 4 Carex species, C. pilosa is known as shade-adapted species and the others as half (C. gracilis) to full (C. rostrata & C. distans) light-adapted species. Compared to species adapted to high light intensity, shade-adapted C. pilosa showed reduced productivity under the highest light intensity. In general, nitrate and amino acid levels decreased at higher light intensity, while sugar and organic acid concentrations increased. In C. pilosa osmolality tended to rise with increasing light intensity, while in the other species it tended to fall. Under low light intensity, the drop in soluble carbohydrate contents is osmotically compensated for by an enhanced nitrate concentration. It is concluded that competition between nitrate and $CO_2$reduction for reductants and ATP from photosynthesis may have important ecological consequences for the adaptation of plants to low or high light conditions. Additionally, the patterns of ionic changes due to increased light intensities were essentially the same in all selected species, indicating similar characteristics of heir mineral ion and organic acid metabolism as well as in field-grown Carex species.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2009

Recently, Korean people are consuming seaweeds almost 3.5 times more now than three decades ago. It is well known that seaweeds contain lots of soluble dietary fiber in addition to micronutrients such as ${\beta}$-carotene, iodine and some bioactive components. Seaweeds are considered to be effective for preventing chronic diseases including obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, cancer or constipation. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of seamustard intake on body weight gain, blood glucose level and lipid profiles in rats fed diets with different energy nutrient composition. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (average initial weight 103.7g) were divided into groups for two experiments as follows; Control, M2.5 & M5 groups (Exp. I) and M5, M10, HCM5, HCM10, HFM5 & HFM10 groups (Exp. II). The rats were fed diet and water ad libitum for 4 weeks. In general, there was no significant difference in blood glucose and triglyceride concentration among groups. In Exp. I, serum LDL-cholesterol level of rats fed diet with 5% seamustard powder (M5) was significantly lower than that of control group, while HDL-cholesterol level, TC/LDL ratio and weight of adrenal gland were higher. In Exp. II, food intake, body weight gain and EER of high fat diet with 10% seamustard group (HFM10) were the lowest among groups. Except gastrocnemius muscle, all organ weights of HFM10 group were the lowest. Fecal cholesterol excretion and serum LDL-cholesterol concentration of HFM10 group were the highest, while serum HDL-cholesterol level was the lowest among groups. Interestingly, HDL-cholesterol concentration was the highest in HCM5 group among groups. From these results, it was suggested that seamustard intake might be more effective for body weight control, but not for improving blood lipid profiles in high fat diet than in high carbohydrate diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1686-1694
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• 2019

Objective: Lignin plays a relevant role in the inhibition of cell wall (CW) structural carbohydrate degradation. Thus, obtaining accurate estimates of the lignin content in tropical plants is important in order to properly characterize the mechanism of lignin action on CW degradation. Comparing conflicting results between the different methods available for commercial use will bring insight on the subject. This way, providing data to better understand the relationship between lignin concentration and implications with tropical forage degradation. Methods: Five grass species, Brachiaria brizantha cv $Marand{\acute{u}}$, Brachiaria brizantha cv $Xara{\acute{e}}s$(MG-5), Panicum maximum cv Mombaça, Pennisetum purpureum cv Cameroon, and Pennisetum purpureum cv Napier, were harvested at five maturity stages. Acid detergent lignin (ADL), Klason lignin (KL), acetyl bromide lignin (ABL), and permanganate lignin (PerL) were measured on all species. Lignin concentration was correlated with in vitro degradability. Results: Highly significant effects for maturity, lignin method and their interaction on lignin content were observed. The ADL, KL and ABL methods had similar negative correlations with degradability. The PerL method failed to reliably estimate the degradability of tropical grasses, possibly due to interference of other substances potentially soluble in the $KMnO_4$ solution. Conclusion: ADL and KL methods use strong acid ($H_2SO_4$) and require determination of ash and N content in the lignin residues, therefore, increasing time and cost of analysis. The ABL method has no need for such corrections and is a fast and a convenient method for determination of total lignin content in plants, thus, it may be a good option for routine laboratory analysis.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2005

It has been suggested that dietary fat increases the risk of breast cancer by elevating serum estrogen concentrations. However, studies on a relationship between fat intake and breast cancer risk have shown contradictory results, possibly because the levels of fat intake in study populations were too high to observe differences. Also, the effect of other dietary factors may present. The present study was performed to investigate the relationship between diet and estrogen metabolism in premenopausal women whose usual fat intake is relatively low compared to their western counterparts. Twenty lacto-ovo vegetarians (LOV) and twenty omnivores participated in the study. Three day food records including a Saturday or a Sunday were used to estimate nutrient intake. Serum lipids, estradiol, sex-hormone binding globulin, and urinary estradiol were measured. Study results showed $24.8\%$ and $20.9\%$ of energy intake were provided from fat in omnivorous and LOV subjects, respectively. Serum and urinary levels of estradiol were two times higher in omnivores. Fat intake was not related to either serum estradiol nor urinary estradiol when the Spearman correlation coefficient analysis was performed. Carbohydrate, total dietary fiber and soluble dietary fiber intakes were negatively related to serum estradiol concentration. Legumes, vegetables and fruit consumption showed significantly negative relationships with both serum and urinary estradiol concentrations. These results indicate lower estrogen availability may be associated with plant food­based diets in premenopausal women whose usual diets contain less than $25\%$ of energy as fat.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.979-984
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• 2007

The physicochemical properties of the exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by marine bacterium Zoogloea sp. KCCM10036 were investigated. Two types of isolated EPSs were shown to have average relative molecular masses $(M_r)\;of\;4.07{\times}10^6$ of CBP (cell-bound polysaccharide) and $3.43{\times}10^6$ of WSP (water-soluble polysaccharide), respectively. When the CBP was utilized as an emulsifier, it stabilized the emulsifier, for up to 148 h. Compared with other commercially available hydrocolloids such as xanthan gum, the Tween series, and Triton, the CBP showed much better emulsifying capability on a water-in-oil system. Phase separation occurred in the Tween series after 24 h, whereas the emulsion was better stabilized by the CBP. The CBP thus has potential as an emulsifying agent in commercial emulsions. The flocculating activity was also greatest at 0.01% (w/v) and decreased at higher concentrations than the optimized concentration of the WSP and CBP. The results also showed that both types of expolysaccharides from Zoogloea sp. had excellent flocculating activity.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.421-428
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• 2018

식후고혈당은 제 2형 당뇨병의 발병에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 미세혈관 및 대혈관 질환 등의 당뇨병 합병증 유발과 밀접한 관계가 있다. 따라서 식후고혈당을 조절하는 것이 당뇨병 합병증의 위험을 줄이는 가장 중요한 요소이다. 식후고혈당은 소장에서 ${\alpha}$-글루코시다아제와 같은 탄수화물 소화 효소를 저해함으로써 조절될 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 쇠비름 에탄올 추출물(PEE)과 물 추출물(PWE)이 탄수화물 소화 효소를 저해하고, 당뇨병 마우스에서 식후 고혈당을 강하시키는 효과에 대해 조사하였다. ${\alpha}$-글루코시다아제와 ${\alpha}$-아밀라아제에 대한 저해효과는 두 추출물 모두 양성대조군인 acarbose보다 더 효과적이었으며, PEE에 의한 ${\alpha}$-글루코시다아제 저해 효과가 PWE 보다 더 효과적이었다. Diabetic mice에 전분(2 g/kg)을 투여한 후의 혈당 증가는 30, 60, 120분에 각각 383.7, 429.3, 360.2 mg/dL로 나타났고, 전분(2 g/kg)과 PEE 또는 PWE 추출물(300 mg/Kg)을 투여한 후의 혈당 증가는 30, 60, 120분에 각각 337.0, 368.5, 290.1 mg/dL과 365.8, 379.2, 324.3 mg/dL로 나타나, PEE 추출물 투여군이 대조군에 비해 식후 혈당 강하가 효과적으로 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 쇠비름 추출물이 탄수화물 소화효소를 저해함으로써 식후 고혈당을 완화시키고, 특히 쇠비름 에탄올 추출물(PEE)이 쇠비름 물 추출물(PWE) 보다 식후 고혈당을 완화시키는데 더욱 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2005

Seedlings of two rice genotyopes, cvs. Ilpumbyeo and Gancheokbyeo, were exposed to 0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl in nutrient solution for nine days. Plants were collected at the interval of 3 days and organic and inorganic solutes in leaves and roots and antioxidative enzyme activity in leaves were determined. Under salinity, the accumulation of soluble sugars occurred considerably in the older leaves of stressed seedlings compared to younger leaves and roots. The endogenous Na+ contents markedly increased at higher NaCl concentration in leaves and roots of seedlings, though it was higher accumulated in roots. Salinity resulted in an excessive proline accumulation in the stressed plants. A more pronounced increase was observed in Gancheokbyeo leaves. SOD activity in Impumbyeo cannot found any remarkable change, whereas, in Gancheokbyeo, its activity was rapidly decreased. CAT and POD activities increased with an increase in NaCl concentration in both genotypes. In sum­mary, the high capacity of rice seedlings to overcome an unfavorable growth condition such salt stress appears to be related to an adequate partition of organic solutes between shoots and roots and to changes in absorption, transport and re-translocation of salts.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.664-673
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties of mung bean starch and the quality characteristics of mung bean starch gels supplemented with gelatin and isolated soy protein (0, 2, 5%) during storage at $5^{\circ}C$ for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The swelling power of mung bean starch supplemented with gelatin did not significantly change, whereas those supplemented with isolated soy protein (ISP) significantly increased. The solubility of mung bean starch supplemented with gelatin and ISP, however, significantly increased with increasing concentration. In addition, the soluble amylose and soluble carbohydrate of mung bean starch supplemented with gelatin and ISP significantly decreased with increasing concentration. In terms of pasting properties measured by the Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA), the pasting temperature of mung bean starch supplemented with gelatin and ISP was not significantly different, whereas peak viscosity, minimum viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown, and consistency decreased. DSC thermograms showed that the onset temperature of mung bean starch supplemented with gelatin and ISP did not significantly change, whereas the enthalpy increased with the addition of 5% ISP. The lightness (L) and redness (a) of mung bean starch gels supplemented with gelatin, ISP, and without additives increased during cold storage, whereas the yellowness (b) decreased. The addition of gelatin and ISP suppressed changes in L, a and b of mung bean starch gel during cold storage. Synereses of mung bean starch gel supplemented with gelatin and ISP was lower than that without additives, with the addition of gelatin suppressing synereses more than ISP. The addition of gelatin and ISP also suppressed increases in hardness, chewiness, and gumminess of mung bean starch gels during cold storage. In the sensory evaluation, the addition of gelatin and ISP suppressed increases in hardness and brittleness of mung bean starch gels during cold storage. The addition of 2%, 5% gelatin and 2% ISP also suppressed a decrease in the overall acceptability of mung bean starch gels during 24-48 hr cold storage. Thus, the addition of 2-5% gelatin and 2% ISP to mung bean starch is appropriate for suppressing the quality deterioration of 24-48 hr cold-stored mung bean starch gels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.525-530
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• 1999

Prior to ensiling Rhodesgrass (RG) and Italian ryegrass (lRG) were treated with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) or with LAB+cellulases to compare their fermentation characteristics and chemical compositions. LAB (Lactobacillus casei) was added to all ensiling materials (except the untreated control) of RG and IRG at a concentration of $1.0{\times}10^5\;cfu.g^{-1}$ fresh forage. The enzymes used were Acremoniumcellulase (A), Meicelase (M) or a mixture of both (AM). Each enzyme was applied at levels of 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 % of fresh forage. The silages with each treatment were incubated at 20, 30 and $40^{\circ}C$ and stored for about 2 months. While no marked differences were found between the RG and IRG silages with various treatments on dry matter (DM), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents, there were significant differences in pH value, and lactic acid and butyric acid contents. LAB inoculation did not affect the fermentation characteristics of either the RG or IRG silages. The combined treatments of LAB+cellulases improved the fermentation quality of both the RG and IRG silages as evidenced by the decrease in pH value and increase in lactic acid content. Increasing the amount of added cellulase resulted in a decrease in pH value and an increase in lactic acid content in both the RG and IRG silages. Cellulases A and AM had a greater effect than cellulase M on the fermentation quality of the RG and IRG silages. Incubation temperatures of 30 and $40^{\circ}C$ appeared to be more appropriate environments for stimulating good fermentation than $20^{\circ}C$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.673-679
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• 1992

To investigate the effects of molasses addition at ensiling on nutritional quality of wilted napier grass, chemical quality and nutrient composition of the silages, digestibility and nitrogen retention at feeding trials were analysed using 4 goats in a cross over design. The results are as follows : 1. Molasses addition at ensiling decreased pH value (3.99) and ammonia nitrogen, and increased lactic acid content by 285% compared to non-additive silage (83.5 g/kg dry matter). 2. There were no differences in digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose and cellulose between the silage ensiled with molasses (MS silage) and the silage ensiled without molasses (WS silage). Urinary nitrogen excretion, however, significantly (p<0.05) decreased in goats fed the MS silage, and nitrogen retention was positive in goats fed the MS silages, but negative in goats fed the WS silage. 3. Acetic acid concentration in remained fluids in goats fed the MS silage was lower and propionic and butyric acid concentrations were higher than those in goats fed the WS silage. As water soluble carbohydrate content was higher in the MS silage than in the WS silage, a part of added molasses was still remained in the silage at the feeding trials and could be utilized for energy sources by the goats. Nitrogen may be also effectively utilized in goats fed the MS silage, because the silage were inhibited in proteolysis during ensiling.