• 제목/요약/키워드: Solid loading rate

검색결과 90건 처리시간 0.024초

단상 및 이상혐기소화공정을 이용한 음폐수의 바이오에너지화 (The Single- and Two-Phase Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste Effluent)

  • 황보준권;서재건;윤희철;박현건;이보원
    • 토지주택연구
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.87-92
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    • 2011
  • 음식물폐기물 처리 과정에서 발생되는 음폐수의 효율적인 처리를 위한 혐기소화공정을 선정하기 위하여, 단상 및 이상혐기소화공정을 대상으로 데모플랜트(일 5톤 처리용량)를 활용하여 성능을 비교하였다. TS, VS, tCOD 및 sCOD 처리율을 비교하여 보면 모든 항목에서 단상혐기소화공정의 처리율이 우수하였지만, 바이오가스는 오히려 이상혐기소화공정에서 더 많이 발생하였다. 이는 단상혐기소화공정의 경우 운전기간 동안 음폐수 투입량이 상대적으로 적어 처리효율은 뛰어 났지만, 음폐수 투입량 변동에 따른 바이오가스의 발생이 민감하게 반응을 한 결과로 해석된다. 이상혐기소화공정의 경우 총 COD가 상대적으로 매우 낮은 수준임에도 불구하고 바이오가스 발생량은 단상혐기소화공정보다 많이 발생되었다. 이는 음폐수 투입량이 일정하게 유지되었고, 산발효공정과 메탄발효공정이 분리되어 운영됨으로써 공정 전체가 안정적으로 운영되었기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 음폐수처리를 위해서는 공정 선정이 중요하지만 단순 유기물처리율 비교만으로는 종합적인 평가가 어려우며, 이를 보완하기 위하여 원료성상, 투입량, 처리율, 운전기간, 바이오가스발생량 등을 종합하여 소화성능을 평가하여야 할 것이다.

Absorption Study of Genistein Using Solid Lipid Microparticles and Nanoparticles: Control of Oral Bioavailability by Particle Sizes

  • Kim, Jeong Tae;Barua, Sonia;Kim, Hyeongmin;Hong, Seong-Chul;Yoo, Seung-Yup;Jeon, Hyojin;Cho, Yeongjin;Gil, Sangwon;Oh, Kyungsoo;Lee, Jaehwi
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • 제25권4호
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    • pp.452-459
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    • 2017
  • In this study, the effect of particle size of genistein-loaded solid lipid particulate systems on drug dissolution behavior and oral bioavailability was investigated. Genistein-loaded solid lipid microparticles and nanoparticles were prepared with glyceryl palmitostearate. Except for the particle size, other properties of genistein-loaded solid lipid microparticles and nanoparticles such as particle composition and drug loading efficiency and amount were similarly controlled to mainly evaluate the effect of different particle sizes of the solid lipid particulate systems on drug dissolution behavior and oral bioavailability. The results showed that genistein-loaded solid lipid microparticles and nanoparticles exhibited a considerably increased drug dissolution rate compared to that of genistein bulk powder and suspension. The microparticles gradually released genistein as a function of time while the nanoparticles exhibited a biphasic drug release pattern, showing an initial burst drug release, followed by a sustained release. The oral bioavailability of genistein loaded in solid lipid microparticles and nanoparticles in rats was also significantly enhanced compared to that in bulk powders and the suspension. However, the bioavailability from the microparticles increased more than that from the nanoparticles mainly because the rapid drug dissolution rate and rapid absorption of genistein because of the large surface area of the genistein-solid lipid nanoparticles cleared the drug to a greater extent than the genistein-solid lipid microparticles did. Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that controlling the particle size of solid-lipid particulate systems at a micro-scale would be a promising strategy to increase the oral bioavailability of genistein.

SMBR을 이용한 음식폐수의 고도처리 (Application of SMBR process in food wastewater advanced treatment)

  • 윤용수;강광남;정순형
    • 환경위생공학
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    • 제16권1호
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    • pp.34-39
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    • 2001
  • Submerged Membrane Bio-Reacter(SMBR) process was used to food wastewater treatment. From laboratory pilot-scale experiment data, it was confirmed that this process was very effective process for organics, suspended solid, and N, P treatment. It was found that BOD and COD removal rate were obtained 90% and 92%, respectively, for 150 days operation. Organics loading rate did not affect to the removal efficiency because MLSS concentration in aerobic tank was highly maintained. IN the case of first reactor operated with anoxic and second reactor operated as aerobic, T-N, T-P removal rate were obtained 93% and 95%, respectively. It was shown that removal efficiency could be maintained stable due to the complete removal of SS and sludge production decreased with increasing of sludge retention time.

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ROADMOD를 이용한 도로청소 및 모래여과시설에 의한 고속도로에서의 강우시 TSS 저감효과 분석 (Removal Efficiency of TSS Loadings from Expressway by Road Sweeping and Sand Filter Facility Using ROADMOD)

  • 강희만;전지홍
    • 한국물환경학회지
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    • 제39권1호
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    • pp.38-45
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    • 2023
  • In this study, the removal efficiency of road sweeping and sand filter facility for removing total suspended solid (TSS) as nonpoint source pollution from expressway was evaluated for the last 10 years (2012~2021) using ROADMOD. ROADMOD is a screening level model and was calibrated for runoff rate and TSS loading both at the inlet, which is the loading from the drainage area, and the outlet, from the sand filter facility. The drainage area is 715 m2 and the dimensions of sand filter facility are 1.5 m (wide) × 3.8 m (length) × 1.5 m (depth). The monitoring period for model calibration was the rainfall event during Aug. 31~Sep. 1, 2021 and the amount of rainfall was 74.5 mm. As a result of calibration, the determination coefficients (R2) of the flow rate were 0.66 and 0.86, for the inlet and outlet, respectively, and those of TSS loading were 0.50 and 0.84, for the inlet and outlet, respectively. Considering that ROADMOD is a screening level model, the calibration results were reasonable to evaluate the best management practices (BMPs) on the expressway. Using ROADMOD simulation results for 2012~2021, the average yearly runoff rate from the expressway was 82% and removal efficiency was 9% for road sweeping, 35% for sand filter facility, and 39% for both road sweeping and sand filter facility.

토양미생물을 이용한 축산폐수 처리공정의 적정부하율과 질산화공정의 특성 (Optimum loading capacity and nitrification characteristics of the swine wastewater treatment process using soil microbe)

  • 하준수;신남철
    • 한국환경농학회지
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.183-187
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    • 2000
  • 고농도 축산폐수의 과부하 고도처리를 위한 토양미생물을 이용한 공정개발 연구결과 질소${\cdot}$제거율은 97% 이었다. 질산화를 위한 최소 HRT는 11일 이었으며 이때의 SRT는 25일 이었다. HRT 5일에서 11일 사이에 도 질산화는 있었으나 이 때는 $NO_2-N$이 대부분으로 완전질산화를 달성하지는 못했다. pH와 $NO_2\;^--N$, $NH_3\;^--N$ 의 관계로부터 반응조는 nitrosomonas 저해영역에 속해 있었으나 약간의 pH 조절로 충분한 질산화를 달성할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

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Effects of Polyurethane as Support Material for the Methanogenic Digester of a Two-Stage Anaerobic Wastewater Digestion System

  • Woo, Kyung-Soo;Yang, Han-Chul;Lim, Wang-Jin
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.14-17
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    • 2002
  • To increase the efficiency of a two-stage anaerobic wastewater digestion system, various polymers were added to the methanogenic reactor as supports. The addition of polyurethane addition (6%, w/v) to the methanogenic reactor facilitated the organic loading rate (2-day Hydraulic Retention Time), higher than that of the conventional methanogenic reactor (6-day HRT). During the operation of the polyurethane-added reactor, a significant decrease in the organic mass in the effluent (COD 5-6 kg/l) was achieved, compared to that of the conventional reactor (COD 15-20 kg/l). The methane gas production rate also improved about 3-fold in the polyurethane-added reactor. More biomass was found to accumulate in the polyurethane-liquid phase (volatile solid, 26-28kg) than in the free-liquid phase (volatile solid, 5- 7 kg/l) after 90 days of operation. A scaled-up experiment with a polyurethane-added 2.5-1 reactor confirmed the previous results, and no adverse effects such as plugging or channeling due to decreased efficiency was observed even after 4 months of operation.

Rheological Properties and Particle Size Distribution of Northeast Mixed Hardwood for Enzymatic Saccharification Processing with High Substrates Loading

  • Um, Byung-Hwan
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • 제36권5호
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    • pp.56-65
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    • 2008
  • In this paper experimental results are presented for the rheological behavior of high-solids saccharification of mixed northeast hardwood as a model feedstock. The experimental determination of the viscosity, shear stress, and shear rate relationships of the 10 to 20 percent slurry concentrations with constant enzyme concentrations were performed under variable rotational speed of a viscometer (2.0 to 200 RPM) at combined temperatures (50 to $30^{\circ}C$) for the initial four hours. The viscosities of saccharification slurries observed were in the ranges of 0.024 to 0.028, 0.401 to 0.058, and 0.840 to 0.087 Pa s for shear rates up to 100 reciprocal seconds at 10, 15, and 20 percent initial solids (w/v) respectively. The fluid behavior of the suspensions was modeled using the power-law, the Herschel-Bulkley, the Casson, and the Bingham model. The results showed that broth slurries were pseudoplastic with a yield stress. The model slope increased and the model intercept decreased with increasing fermentation time at shear rates normal for the fermentor. The broth slurries exhibited Newtonian behavior at high and low shear rates during initial saccharification process. The solid particle size ranged from 57.8 to $70.0{\mu}m$ for $40^{\circ}C$ and from 44.0 to 57.5 11m for combined temperatures at 10, 15, and 20 percent initial solids (w/v) respectively.

기체발생기용 복합고체추진제의 조성 및 성능특성 연구 (A Formulation and Performance Characteristics of Composite Solid Propellant for an Application to Gas Generators)

  • 김정수;박정
    • 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국추진공학회 2009년도 제33회 추계학술대회논문집
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    • pp.181-184
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    • 2009
  • 로켓시스템의 에너지원으로 적용할 수 있는 기체발생기용 복합 고체추진제의 개발과정을 기술한다. 80%의 고체입자 부하율과 양호한 유동성, 그리고 $-50^{\circ}C{\sim}70^{\circ}C$에서 경화에 적절한 추진제 물성을 갖는 HTPB를 바인더로 하여, 낮은 화염온도, 적은 고체입자 잔사, 무독성 생성물의 추진제 제조가 가능한 AN을 제1종 산화제로, 탄도특성 제어에 필요한 AP를 제2종 산화제로 추진제 주요 조성이 구성된다. 기본조성을 근거로 하여 일련의 물성개선 시험이 수행되었으며 최대응력 8 bar 및 최대응력점 변형율 30%, 그리고 탄성계수 1000 psi 수준의 물성을 갖는 추진제 조성을 얻을 수 있었다.

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회전원판법을 적용한 Modified Dephanox 공정의 하수처리특성 (Characteristics of Wastewater Treatment in Applying RBC Modified Dephanox Process)

  • 강민구;김금용;류홍덕;이상일
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제32권5호
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    • pp.477-486
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    • 2010
  • 본 연구는 생물학적 폐수처리공정의 하나인 회전원판법(RBC)을 이용하여 질산화 반응을 향상 시키는 목적으로 수행되었다. 그 일환으로 회전원판법(RBC)에 의한 질산화반응의 향상을 평가하기 위해서 본 연구에서는 Modified Dephanox 공정에 회전원판법(RBC)를 적용하여 연구를 수행 하였다. 회전원판법(RBC)을 이용한 공정의 가장 두드러진 특징은 질산화 반응조 안으로 질산화반응에 방해인자로 작용하는 고농도의 부유성 고형물(suspended solid)이 유입되어도 질산화반응을 원활히 수행할 수 있다는 데 있다. 게다가 공정의 운영결과 TCOD 제거 효율은 유입 TCOD 부하율이 0.04~0.1 kg/$day{\cdot}m^3$ 일 때는 약 90%이상의 TCOD 제거효율이 나타났다. T-N 제거효율은 약 75% 정도로 실험실규모의 공정운영에도 불구하고 높은 제거효율이 관찰되었다. 또한 인 의 경우 ${PO_4}^{3-}$-P 및 T-P 제거효율은 유입 ${PO_4}^{3-}$-P 및 T-P 부하율이 증가할수록 제거효율은 증가하는 경향을 나타내고 있다. 결론적으로 Modified Dephanox 공정에서 독립질산화 반응을 수행하는 회전원판법(RBC)의 이용은 높은 질산화반응을 수행할 뿐만 아니라 유입되는 부유성 고형물(suspended solid)의 영향을 최소화하여 안정적인 처리효율을 나타내는 시스템이다.

저속충격시험을 이용한 고체추진제의 동적 응력-변형률 특성 연구 (Study on the Dynamic Stress-Strain Behavior of Solid Propellant Using Low-Velocity Impact Test)

  • 황재민;고은수;조현준;김인걸;김재훈
    • 한국항공우주학회지
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    • 제49권10호
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    • pp.813-820
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    • 2021
  • 본 연구에서는 고체추진제의 동적 응력-변형률 특성을 고찰하기 위하여 저속충격시험을 수행하였다. 저속충격시험 시 충격체(Impactor)의 하중, 변위를 측정하여 고체추진제의 동적 거동을 확인하였다. 3점 굽힘 형태의 저속충격시험을 수행하였고, 이때 발생하는 국소변위와 길이가 짧고 두께가 두꺼운 고체추진제 시편의 전단 변위를 보상하여 순수 굽힘변위를 계산하였다. 보상된 변위와 측정된 하중을 사용하여 응력과 변형률을 계산하였고 응력-변형률 곡선으로부터 고체추진제의 동적 물성을 획득하여 이를 정적 굽힘 물성과 비교하였다. 운용 환경에 따른 온도별 고체추진제의 동적 물성을 획득하기 위해 상온, 고온, 저온에서 실험을 수행하고 결과를 비교분석하였다.