• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 2014

In order to increase the nutritional quality of soybean meal (SBM) as an animal feed, Bacillus subtilis TP6, a previously isolated strain from an Indonesian traditional fermented soybean food, Tempeh, was used as a starter organism for solid-state fermentation. In the pre-treated SBM with water content of 60% (v/w), B. subtilis TP6 was grown to a maximum viable cell number of $3.5{\times}10^9CFU/g$. Compared to control, crude protein in Bacillus fermented SBM was increased by 16%, while raffinose, stachyose, and trypsin inhibitors were reduced by 31, 37, and 90%, respectively. The Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed that proteins in the fermented SBM were remarkably hydrolyzed into smaller molecular masses, resulting in a decrease in large sized proteins. Our data suggested that B. subtilis fermentation could increase the nutritive value of SBM through reduction of anti-nutritive factors and improvement of protein quality by hydrolysis of soy protein. In addition, B. subtilis TP6 produced a functional ingredient, poly-${\gamma}$-glutamic acid which has various health benefits.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.128-134
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• 1988

For the preparation of fermented feed with Lyophyllum decastes, optimum cultural conditions for the production of cellulase were $30^{\circ}C$, pH 6.0, 60-70% moisture content and the cultural of 15 days. Among the submaterial added, 30-40% of rice bran and 0.72% of $(NH_4)_2PHO_4$ were effective for the cellulase production and its production increased when rice straw treated with 4% alkaline peroxides. Solid state fermentation of rice straw with Lyophyllum decastes for 40 days removed 19.9% of lignin, and increased the total nitrogen content to 1.6% from 1.1%. As the fermentation proceeded, the in vitro dry matter digestibility of fermented feed was increased and it increased 21.1% after 35 days.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.678-684
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• 2011

A trial was performed to study the effects of feeding a diet containing solid-state fermentation rapeseed meal (FRSM) replaced soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance and serum biochemistry parameters of ducks and then to determine the appropriate proportion of soybean meal replacement. The 75% rapeseed meal and 25% blood meal were mixed and inoculated with the Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis. Over the 21-day fermentation, isothiocyanates were reduced from 72.7 to 14.1 mmol/kg. A total of 1,280 fifteen-day-old Cherry Valley ducks were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments, 4 replicate groups of 80 ducks each for a 30-day feeding trial. In four treatment groups, fermentation rapeseed meal replaced soybean meal at 0, 33, 67 or 100%, respectively. Results showed that feed intake of ducks fed 100% FRSM was greater (p<0.05) than SBM and partial FRSM in both the finishing period (31-45 d) and entire feeding period (15-45 d). Daily gain increased gradually in the three treatment groups with augmenting FRSM over in the whole study period. In the growing period (15-30 d), compared with the SBM group, phosphorus and calcium content in serum from the FRSM group was improved (p<0.05). Total protein concentration was lower in ducks fed 100% FRSM than SBM and 33% FRSM (p<0.05). Concentrations of IgM were dramatically higher for animals fed 100% FRSM than in the SBM, 33% FRSM and 67% FRSM groups. In the finishing trail stage (31-45 d), only serum IgG content in 100% FRSM group was improved (p<0.05). Therefore, rapeseed meal fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis is a promising alternative protein source and fermented rapeseed meal can completely replace soybean meal in duck diet and potentially reduce the cost of duck production.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the feasibility of Salix gracilistyla production for cosmetic use through mycelial fermentation. The efficacy of this method was confirmed by fermentation using the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum (a representative medicinal mushroom). Total polyphenol and flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of S. gracilistyla extract (SGE) were found to be higher than those of G. lucidum fermented S. gracilistyla extract (GLSGE). GLSGE had relatively lower collagenase activity than SGE. However, GLSGE increased HDFn cell viability more potently than SGE, and increased the biosynthesis of type I procollagen. Thus, GLSGE could be used as an anti-aging cosmetic active ingredient. These results indicate that extract fermentation using G. lucidum mycelia can effectively enhance some beneficial effects of functional materials.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.403-410
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• 2021

This paper aimed to increase the functionality and competitiveness of rice bran, which is used as an alternative food and cosmetic raw material, through fermentation. As a result of comparing the enzyme activity of 𝛼-amylase, CMCase, 𝛽-glucosidase, protease, etc. of fermented rice bran using standard strains with 6 strains with excellent enzyme activity among 50 strains of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera isolated from 5 types of Nuruk, A8 strain showed excellent enzyme activity of 13.7%, 21.1%, 50.3%, and 10.0% compared to the KCTC 7806 strain. As a result of the ABTS and DPPH tests as a result of fermentation, it was confirmed that rice bran fermented with A8 had 1.12 times and 1.28 times more antioxidant activity than rice bran fermented with KCTC 7806 strain. In this paper, it was possible to confirm the S. fibuligera A8 strain superior to the standard S. fibuligera strain KCTC 7806.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.2 s.81
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• pp.133-142
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• 1997

The chemical media composition and culture conditions were optimized for mycelial growth of Phellinus igniarius 26005. The method of solid-state fermentation, cultivation of basidiomycetal strains in various grains, was developed. Media composition for optimal growth of Phellinus igniarius 26005 was made of 7.0% malt extract, 0.3% bacto soytone, and 0.2% yeast extract. The optimum condition for mycelial growth was $28^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0, respectively. For the mass cultivation of mycelia, the hydrated grains with cold water, were put into the plastic bottle. The mycelial growth rate in the bottled grains was high in the early stage with inoculation of homogenized mycelium. The activity of mycelium was maintained by adding sterilized water in the middle of cultivation. The glucosamine content which determins the mycelial growth rate in solid material was in the order of job's tears>barley>black soybean>wheat>malt soybean>brown rice>sorghum>glutinous rice.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2000

A two-phase anaerobic digestion system for the treatment of swine waste was constructed in a commercial hog farm. The digester system was composed of 4 major units; slurry storage pit, acidogenic digester, methanogenic digester and sedimentation pit. A biogas boiler unit was also attached to maintain the digester temperature of 37$^{\circ}C$. Substrate lading was made with 2hr-interval by pumping about 2.1$m^3$ of slurry type swine waste from the slurry pit into the acidogenic digester, which corresponds to hydraulic retention time of 4 days for the acidogenic digester and of 11 days for the methanogenic digester. Digester temperature were well maintained as the set temperature of 37$^{\circ}C$ in the methanogenic digester, while the temperature in the acidogenic digester showed around 34$^{\circ}C$. pH also showed a steady-state results of 7.3 in the acidogenic digester and of 7.6 in the methanogenic digester during the operation period. Average biogas production rate was 0.66$m^3$/$m^3$ digester volume. Reduction rate of total solid and volatile solid were 42.8% and 5.8%, respectively. Total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen were not reduced during the anaerobic fermentation, however, most of VFAs seemed to be converted to the biogas,. These fermentation performance data may suggest that he newly developed a two-phase anaerobic digester for the swine waste treatment worked so successfully.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.1333-1339
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• 2011

After mulberry (Morus alba) leaves were fermented with Hericium erinaceum mycelium by solid-state culture to enhance physiological activity, fermented mulberry leaves (MA-HE) was extracted by hot-water (MA-HEHW) and ethanol (MA-HE-E). MA-HE-HW showed enhanced mitogenic and intestinal immune system modulating activities (1.41 and 1.52 fold of saline control, respectively) compared to hot-water extracts of non-fermented mulberry leaves (MA-HW) and H. erinaceum mycelium (HE-HW) at $100\;{\mu}g$/mL. Meanwhile, when we tested the inhibitory effects of extracts on nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 production, MA-HE-E significantly inhibited these pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (45.1, 41.3, 70.2, and 55.7% inhibition of LPS control at $1,000\;{\mu}g$/mL). In addition, MA-HE-HW and MA-HE-E did not show any cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 cells at $1,000\;{\mu}g$/mL whereas HE-E and MA-E indicated cytotoxicity (80.1 and 30.7% cell viability of saline control). These results suggest that mulberry leaves fermented with H. erinaceum by solid-state culture might have enhanced immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects compared to non-fermented mulberry leaves, resulting in ingredients biotransformed for fermentation with H. erinaceum mycelium.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1012-1028
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• 2023

The findings of this study confirmed the alteration of β-glucosidase activity, nutritional constituents, isoflavones, antioxidant activities, and digestive enzyme inhibition activities in soybeans during solid-state fermentation times with mycelia of Tricholoma matsutake. After nine days, the highest activity level was observed for β-glucosidase (3.90 to 38.89 unit/g) and aglycones (163.03 to 1,074.28 ㎍/g). The sum of isoflavones showed a significant decrease (3,489.41 to 1,325.66 ㎍/g) along with glycosides (2,753.87 to 212.43 ㎍/g) for fermentation, while fatty acids showed a slight increase and amino acids showed a marked increase. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed a corresponding increase according to fermentation times (5.58 to 15.09 GAE mg/g; 0.36 to 1.58 RE mg/g). Antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities also increased; in particular, the highest level of scavenging activities was observed for ABTS (up 60.13 to 82.08%), followed by DPPH (up 63.92% to 71.98%) and hydroxyl (up 36.01 to 52.02%) radicals. Of particular interest, α-glucosidase (6.69 to 83.49%) and pancreatic lipase inhibition (1.22 to 77.43%) showed a marked increase. These results demonstrated that fermentation of soybeans with the mycelia of T. matsutake enhanced the nutritional and functional constituents, and the biological activities of soybeans. Thus, this fermentation technology can be used to produce a novel functional materials from soybeans.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1717-1720
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• 2007

In the course of screening for nitric oxide inhibitors in activated microglial BV-2 cells, cyclo(dehydrohistidyl-L-tryptophyl) was isolated from solid-state fermentation cultures of an unidentified fungal strain, Fb956. Its structure was determined by spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR and chiral TLC analyses. Cyclo(dehydrohistidyl-L-tryptophyl) was found to have an inhibitory activity on nitric oxide production with an $IC_{50}$ of $6.5\;{\mu}M$ in activated BV-2 cells. The structure determination and biological activity of cyclo(dehydrohistidyl-L-tryptophyl) was reported for the first time in this study.