• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.73-80
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• 2010

This study was conducted to estimate the relative performance of modules with changed characteristics due to long term exposure to the outdoor environment, with a specially made test device for simultaneous measurement of real time power output from the photovoltaic array, taking into account the inclined panel, direct irradiation, power being generated, temperature as well as the optimal analysis timing. In terminology description, M is an abbreviation of module and Group A, Group B are 10 modules series connection (1~10 of M), (11~20 of M) for each of them respectively. The overall mean voltage difference of M-18 with the lowest power output and M-14 with the highest output is-2.13V and it was identifiable that voltage difference was more concentrated to Group B. In addition, in case of M-2 and M-7, M-8, when compared with M-14, the overall mean voltage difference was -0.92V, -1.56 and -0.91V respectively showing the more concentration to Group A. When the temperature of module went up by $1^{\circ}C$, the mean voltage was reduced by 0.35V. For current, Group A was lower than Group B by-0.022A and the ratio of each group was 49.68% and 50.32% respectively, presumably the module with deteriorated properties were more concentrated to Group A relatively. From the comparison of relations with the comprehensive accumulation, M-2, M-7, M-8, M-16 and M-18 were those with deterioration of performance to the worst, thereby requiring precision examination. In comparative efficiency, M-14 was the most excellent one as 12.19% while M-18 as 10.53% was identified that its efficiency was comparatively rapidly reduced.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.28-35
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• 2013

The recycling of the Si/SiC mixture sludge obtained from solar cell industry is very significant, environmentally and economically. The sintering characteristics of Si/SiC mixture sludge was studied for the purpose of recycling. In this study, to understand sintering behavior, SiC content in the Si/SiC mixture was controlled using an air separator. Various Si/SiC mixtures having different SiC contents were sintered using carbon black, clay and aluminum hydroxide as sintering aids. Physical properties of Si/SiC mixture and sintered bodies have been characterized using SEM, XRD, particle size analyzer and apparent density measurement. SEM and particle size analysis result confirmed that the fine particles less than 1 ${\mu}m$ decreased or removed more effectively through the air separator in the case of 95% SiC sample compared than the case of 75% SiC sample or original SiC sample. Further, with addition of the Aluminum Hydroxide, ${\beta}$-cristobalite phase gradually decreased while mullite phase gradually increased. The addition of the carbon black improved the sintering characteristics.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.655-665
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• 2020

Background and objective: This study was conducted to compare the cultivation environment, growth of cut flowers, and management performance of conventional farms and smart farms growing the standard cut chrysanthemum, 'Jinba'. Methods: Conventional and smart farms were selected, and facility information, cultivation environment, cut flower growth, and management performance were investigated. Results: The conventional and smart farms were located in Muan, Jeollanam-do, and conventional farming involved cultivating with soil culture in a plastic greenhouse, while the smart farm was cultivating with hydroponics in a plastic greenhouse. The conventional farm did not have sensors for environmental measurement such as light intensity and temperature and pH and EC sensors for fertigation, and all systems, including roof window, side window, thermal screen, and shading curtain, were operated manually. On the other hand, the smart farm was equipped with sensors for measuring the environment and nutrient solution, and was automatically controlled. The day and night mean temperatures, relative humidity, and solar radiation in the facilities of the conventional and the smart farm were managed similarly. But in the floral differentiation stage, the floral differentiation was delayed, as the night temperature of conventional farm was managed as low as 17.7℃ which was lower than smart farm. Accordingly, the harvest of cut flowers by the conventional farm was delayed to 35 days later than that of the smart farm. Also, soil moisture and EC of the conventional farm were unnecessarily kept higher than those of the smart farm in the early growth stage, and then were maintained relatively low during the period after floral differentiation, when a lot of water and nutrients were required. Therefore, growth of cut flower, cut flower length, number of leaves, flower diameter, and weight were poorer in the conventional farm than in the smart farm. In terms of management performance, yield and sales price were 10% and 38% higher for the smart farm than for the conventional farm, respectively. Also, the net income was 2,298 thousand won more for the smart farm than for the conventional farm. Conclusion: It was suggested that the improved growth of cut flowers and high management performance of the smart farm were due to precise environment management for growth by the automatic control and sensor.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2014

This study reviewed an application of water quality estimation using an Airborne Hyperspectral Imagery (A-HSI) and tested a part of Han River water quality (especially suspended solid) estimation with available in-situ data. The estimation of water quality was processed two methods. One is using observation data as downwelling radiance to water surface and as scattering and reflectance into water body. Other is linear regression analysis with water quality in-situ measurement and upwelling data as at-sensor radiance (or reflectance). Both methods drive meaningful results of RS estimation. However it has more effects on the auxiliary dataset as water quality in-situ measurement and water body scattering measurement. The test processed a part of Han River located Paldang-dam downstream. We applied linear regression analysis with AISA eagle hyperspectral sensor data and water quality measurement in-situ data. The result of linear regression for a meaningful band combination shows $-24.847+0.013L_{560}$ as 560 nm in radiance (L) with 0.985 R-square. To comparison with Multispectral Imagery (MSI) case, we make simulated Landsat TM by spectral resampling. The regression using MSI shows -55.932 + 33.881 (TM1/TM3) as radiance with 0.968 R-square. Suspended Solid (SS) concentration was about 3.75 mg/l at in-situ data and estimated SS concentration by A-HIS was about 3.65 mg/l, and about 5.85mg/l with MSI with same location. It shows overestimation trends case of estimating using MSI. In order to upgrade value for practical use and to estimate more precisely, it needs that minimizing sun glint effect into whole image, constructing elaborate flight plan considering solar altitude angle, and making good pre-processing and calibration system. We found some limitations and restrictions such as precise atmospheric correction, sample count of water quality measurement, retrieve spectral bands into A-HSI, adequate linear regression model selection, and quantitative calibration/validation method through the literature review and test adopted general methods.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.57.2-57.2
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• 2010

투명전도 산화막(Transparent conducing oxide: TCO)은 태양 전지, 터치패널, 가스 센서 등 여러 분야에 적용할 수 있는 물질로서 전기 전도성과 광 투과성을 동시에 가진다. 높은 전기 전도성과 광 투과성을 가지는 Sb:$In_2O_3$(ITO)는 투명전도 산화막 재료로써 가장 일반적으로 사용되고 있으나 인듐의 매장량 한계로 인해 가격이 높다는 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 ITO 대체 TCO 물질인 Al doped ZnO(AZO)를 rf magnetron sputter를 이용하여 최적의 수소 도핑량을 찾아 ITO의 전기적 광학적 성질과 비교하였다. AZO 박막은(ZnO:Al2O3 2wt.%)타겟을 이용하여 heater 온도 250도에서 슬라이드 글래스 및 코닝 글래스에 증착시켰고 비교군인 ITO박막은 (In2O3:$SnO_2$ 10wt.%)타겟을 이용하여 수소 도핑 없이 350도로 증착시켰다. AZO 및 ITO 박막의 전기적 특성은 hall measurement를 이용하여 측정하였고, UV-VIS spectrophotometer로 광학적 특성을 측정하였다. 수소 도핑량이 증가함에 따라 AZO 박막의 캐리어 농도가 증가하여 전기적 특성이 향상되었고, 가시광 영역에서 높은 평균 투과도를 유지 하였다. AZO 박막과 ITO 박막의 전기적 및 광학적 특성을 비교한 결과, 최적 수소 도핑량을 가진 AZO 박막은 ITO 박막에 준하는 특성을 보였다.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.182-193
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• 2016

Introduction of intermittent electricity production systems like wind and solar power to electricity market together with the deregulation of electricity markets resulted in numerous start/stops, load variations and off-design operation of water turbines. Hydraulic turbines suffer from the varying loads exerted on their stationary and rotating parts during load variations since they are not designed for such operating conditions. Investigations on part load operation of single regulated turbines, i.e., Francis and propeller, proved the formation of a rotating vortex rope (RVR) in the draft tube. The RVR induces pressure pulsations in the axial and rotating directions called plunging and rotating modes, respectively. This results in oscillating forces with two different frequencies on the runner blades, bearings and other rotating parts of the turbine. This study investigates the effect of transient operations on the pressure fluctuations exerted on the runner and mechanism of the RVR formation/mitigation. Draft tube and runner blades of the Porjus U9 model, a Kaplan turbine, were equipped with pressure sensors for this purpose. The model was run in off-cam mode during different load variations. The results showed that the transients between the best efficiency point and the high load occurs in a smooth way. However, during transitions to the part load a RVR forms in the draft tube which induces high level of fluctuations with two frequencies on the runner; plunging and rotating mode. Formation of the RVR during the load rejections coincides with sudden pressure change on the runner while its mitigation occurs in a smooth way.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.433-433
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• 2009

ZnO-based materials have been extensively studied for optoelectronic applications due to their superiors physical properties such as wide direct bandgap (~3.37 eV), large exciton binding energy (~60 meV), high transparency in the visible region, and low cost. Especially, one-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanostructures have attracted considerable attention owing to quantum confinement effect and high crystalline quality. Additionally, various nanostructures of ZnO such as nanorods, nanowires, nanoflower, and nanotubes have stimulated the interests because of their semiconducting. and piezoelectric properties. Among them, vertically aligned ZnO nanorods can bring the improved performance in various promising photoelectric fields including piezo-nanogenerators, UV lasers, dye sensitized solar cells, and photo-catalysis. In this work, we studied the effect of the annealing temperature of homo seed layers on the formation of ZnO nanorods grown by hydrothermal method. The effect of annealing temperature of seed layer on the length and orientation of the nanorods was investigated scanning electron microscopy investigation. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction measurement were performed to understand the effect of annealing temperatures of seed layers on the formation of nanorods. Moreover, the optical properties of the seed layers and the nanorods were studied by room temperature photoluminescence.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.155-166
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• 2007

We have designed a high resolution proton and electron telescope for the detection of high energy particles, which constitute a major part of the space environment. The flux of the particles, in the satellite orbits, can vary abruptly according to the position and solar activities. In this study, a conceptual design of the detector, for adapting these variations with a high energy resolution, was made and the performance was estimated. In addition, a parallel processing algorithm was devised and embodied using FPGA for the high speed data processing, capable of detecting high flux without losing energy resolution, on board a satellite.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.2070-2076
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• 2015

Nano composite materials were multi-constituent combinations of nano dimensional phases with distinct differences in structure, chemistry and properties. Nano particles were less likely to create large stress concentrations and thereby can avoid the compromise of the material ductility while improve other mechanical properties. Corona discharge was an electrical discharge. The ionization of a fluid surrounding a conductor was electrically energized. This discharge would occur when the strength of the electric field around the conductor was high enough to form a conductive region, but not high enough to cause electrical breakdown or arcing to nearby objects. This paper shows all the studies done on the preparation of nano fillers. Special attention has given to the ACSR transmission line conductor, TiO₂ nano fillers and also to the evaluation of corona resistance on dielectric materials discussed in detail. The measurement of the dielectric properties of the nano fillers and the parameters influencing them were also discussed in the paper. Corona discharge test reveals that in 0%N ACSR sample corona loss was directly proportional to the applied line voltage. No significant change in corona loss between 0%N and 1%N. When TiO₂ nano filler concentration was increased up to 10%N fine decrement in corona loss was found when compared to base ACSR conductor, corona loss was decreased by 40.67% in 10%N ACSR sample. It was also found from the surface conditions test that inorganic TiO₂ nano filler increases the key parameters like tensile strength and erosion depth.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.550-557
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• 2017

Ionospheric delay, which affect the accuracy of GNSS positioning, is generated by electrons in Ionosphere. Solar activity level, region and time could make change of this delay level. Dual frequency receiver could effectively eliminate the delay using difference of refractive index between L1 to L2 frequency. But, Single frequency receiver have to use limited correction such as ionospheric model in standalone GNSS or PRC(pseudorange correction) in Differential GNSS. Generally, these corrections is effective in normal condition. but, they might be useless, when TEC(total electron content) extremely increase in local area. In this paper, monitoring algorithm is proposed for local ionospheric anomaly using multiple reference stations. For verification, the algorithm was performed with specific measurement data in Ionospheric storm day (20. Nov. 2003). this algorithm would detect local ionospheric anomaly and improve reliability of ionospheric corrections for standalone receiver.