• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.707-724
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• 1993

The purpose of the study is to estimate hard and soft tissue changes after orthognathic surgery for the correction of the mandibular prognathism and to describe interrelationship and ratios of soft and hard tissue changes. The presurgical and postsurgical lateral cephalograms of 31 treated patients(17 males and 14 females) was used ; these patients had received combined orthodontic-surgical treatment by means of a bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy. Their ages ranged from 16 to 31 years and mean age was 21.4 years. A computerized cephalometric appraisal was developed and used to analyse linear and angular changes of skeletal and soft tissue profile. The statistical elaboration of the data was made by means of $SPSS/PC^+$. The results of the study were as follows : 1. The correlations of soft and hard tissue horizontal changes were significantly high and the ratios were $97\%$ at LI, $107\%$ at ILS, and $93\%$ at Pog'. 2. The correlations of vertical changes at Stm, LI and horizontal changes at Pog were high$(26\%)$ and at the other areas were not statistically high. 3. The correlations of soft ad hard tissue vertical changes were not significantly high in all areas except Gn' $(30\%)$ and Me' $(56\%)$. 4. The soft tissue thickness was significantly decreased in upper lip and increased in lower lip, and the amount of changes after surgery was reversely correlated with initial thickness. 5. The facial convexity was increased and relative protrusion of upper lip was increased and that of lower lip was decreased. 6. The upper to lower facial height(Gl-Sn/Sn-Me') was increased and upper to lower jaw height(Sn-Stms/Stmi-Me') was increased.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.87-97
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• 1989

연조직 측모의 연령증가에 따른 변화양상을 정확히 규명하고자 정상적인 안모 및 교합을 가졌다고 생각되는 9세 아동 남자 29명, 여자 26명을 대상으로 2년 간격으로 3차례에 걸쳐 얻어진 두부방사선 규격사진을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 남녀별 각 계측항목의 연령에 따른 평균치 및 표준편차를 산출하였다. 연조직 측모의 평가에서 soft tissue facial angle, total facial convexity angle은 연령증가에 따른 약간의 변화를 보여 주었으며 기타 항목에서는 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 연조직 후경은 연령증가에 따른 증가를 보여 주었으며 두안부의 하안면부(point B, pog) 보다는 구순부(point A, LS, LI)에서의 증가량이 더 크게 나타났다. 안면고경의 바율은 GL'-Sn/Sn-Me' 1:1, Sn-St/St-Me' 0.51:1, Sn-LI/LI-Me' 0.82 : 1 로 연령증가에 따른 큰 변화가 없었다.

• 치과방사선
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 1971

Modern orthodontics implies not only occlusal excellence, but also the positioning of teeth to produce optimal facial harmony for the individual patients. Several methods have been used in the study of facial height, width and depth were made from living subjects. These methods, however, complicate to control the subjects, therefore many investigators have used profile cephalometric technics. Practically, cephalometric technics were used m orthodontic treatment, maxillo-facial surgery and anthropometric studies. Author was studied to investigate the normal standards of soft tissue profile in Korean adolescences. The subjects consisted of 53 males and 54 females from 17 to 22 years of age and with normal occlusion and acceptable profile. Aluminum filter was designed to obtain both hard and soft tissue structures on a single film. Eight profile landmarks were plotted and drawn on the tracings of all cephalograms and eighteen depth, height and angles were measured from each landmarks of the cephalograms. The following conclusIOns were obtained from this studies; 1. Total facial convexity was 170. 75 in males and females samples and lower facial and: labiomandibular convexity were each of 141.44, 171.05. 2. Maxillary and mandibular sulcus angulations were 137.61, 129.52 and upper and lower lip inclinations were each of 123.26 and 49.56 in male and females. 3. Soft tissue depth of several points were as follows; Subnasale 18.74㎜ in males and 16.65㎜ in females Pogonion 13.40㎜ in males and 13.07㎜ in females upper lip 14.06㎜ in males and 11.91㎜ in females . lower lip 15.46㎜, 13.63㎜ in males and females 4. The protrusion of nose were 16.28㎜ in males and 15.56㎜ in females 5. The vertical length of upper and lower lips were 25.67㎜, 52.96㎜ and the lip posture was indicated 93.43 per cent (closed state) in centric occlusions.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 1991

두부방사선사진을 이용한 안모의 측모예측은 악교정수술에 있어서 가장 중요한 수술전 치료계획의 한부분으로 술후 경조직과 연조직의 변화를 예상하며 술자와 환자간에 술후 결과를 의논하는 대화의 재료로서도 그 중요성이 크다. 그러나, 술후 환자의 최종적인 측모와 수술 직전에 수술 계획에 따라 시행한 술후 측모의 예측과는 차이가 있다. 이러한 수술 전 시행하는 측모 예측의 부정확성을 감소시키기 위하여 새로운 경조직 대 연조직 변화비율 등을 추정하는 많은 연구가 시행되어 왔으나 측모방사선 예측의 부정확도를 조사하고 이러한 부정확성에 영향을 미치는 변수를 확인함이 측모방사선예측의 부정확성을 이해하고 감소시키는 데에 있어서 그 중요성이 크다고 생각된다. 이에 저자들은, 이미 시행되어 수술에 사용된 술후 측모예측기록을 수술직후 두부방사선 사진 및 술후 최소 6개월 추적 방사선 사진에 중첩하여 측모 예측의 부정확도를 조사한 바 총 30명의 환자에서 20명(66.6%)이 부정확도를 보였고 악골 및 치열의 술후 위치 불안정성도 측모 예측 정확군과 부정확군에 모두 19명(63.3%)에서 발생하여 측모 예측의 부정확도 영향을 주는 중요한 요인으로 확인되었다.

• 치과방사선
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 1972

A roentgenographic cephalometric study was made on the soft and hard tissue profile of Korean adults. The subject consisted of 52 males and 54 females from 17 to 22 years of age and with normal occlusion and acceptable profile. Twenty one landmarks were plotted and two oriented lines named SnH line and SnV line were drawn on the tracings of all cephalograms. The means and the standard deviations from the subjects were calculated in each measuring category and the means were compared with those of male and femal samples. The results were obtained as follow: 1. In depth and height, individual variations and sex differences of the lower facial profile were larger than the upper face. 2. The sex differences of upper facial profile were larger in height than depth. 3. The individual variations and sex differences of the top of nose were the smallest in all measuring points. 4. The thickness of the soft tissue of upper face and upper lip in male sample were larger than those of female, but the same matter were not found in mental region.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.547-554
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• 2005

Orthognathic surgery for Class III malocclusion requires an elaborate preoperative planning using cephalometries or Mock surgery models which enable the surgeon to anticipate postoperative skeletal changes of maxilla and mandible as well as dentition. After surgery, patient's satisfaction is greatly influenced by appearance of soft tissue change. Therefore, it is imperative to predict a relatively accurate soft tissue change prior to surgery. A 5 year retrospective study was designed to evaluate the soft tissue change after sagittal split osteotomy of ramus(SSRO) for class III malocclusion. Analyses of preoperative and postoperative anthropometric measurements were performed. Patients who were treated only by SSRO for class III malocclusion and could follow up for 6 months were studied. Among them, the patients who had history of cleft palate and lip or hemifacial microsomia were excluded. Soft tissue changes were estimated by using the frontal and lateral photographs. Skeletal changes were observed by measuring amount of set back and angular changes of mandible to the reference line by using cephalometries. Relapses were also measured 6 months after the operation. We could observe skeletal changes were more profound than soft tissue changes concerning amount of set back, but soft tissue changes were also profound in angle. Relapse was more profound in skeleton than soft tissue but the amount was not significant. In spite of the variables which may affect proper assessment of the soft tissue change after skeletal relocation, this study can serve as a guide for exact prediction of the postoperative change of soft tissue and skeleton.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.76-80
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• 2012

Various soft tissue defects can be occurred in the hand. In determining the most suitable means of reconstruction a defect, the benefit of the reconstruction has to outweigh the risk of donor morbidity. Flap selection will be based on the size of the defect, the requirements for sensibility, the surgeon's comfort level, and the patient profile such as gender, age, or systemic disease. The hand is the most important tactile sensory organ, hence sensory restoration is critical. Neurosensory free flaps can provide sensibility, vascularity, and soft tissue coverage to an injured hand. This paper will discuss free flaps which can be used for soft tissue reconstruction of the hand.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제41권3호통권406호
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• pp.180-189
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the soft tissue profile predicted by Quick Ceph Image Pro in mandibular setback surgery. Preoperative and postoperative lateral cephalograms of 24 patients(9 males and 15 females) who had completed treatment that involved orthodontics and mandibular setback by BSSRO were used. Computerized cephalometric lines and video image predictions were generated and compared with the actual postoperative results. In horizontal measurement, predicted values were smaller than actual measurements. And lips were thicker than actual values. Most of the different between values and actual measurement were than 2mm, and it was clinically acceptable.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2012

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the soft tissue thickness of male and female orthodontic patients with different skeletal malocclusions. Methods: Soft tissue thickness measurements were made on lateral cephalometric radiographs of 180 healthy orthodontic patients with different skeletal malocclusions (Class I: 60 subjects, Class II: 60 subjects, Class III: 60 subjects). Ten measurements were analyzed. For statistical evaluation, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed. Least significant difference (LSD) and Dunnet T3 post hoc tests were used to determine the individual differences. Results: Soft tissue thicknesses were found to be greater for men than for women. Statistically significant differences among the skeletal groups were found in both men and women at the following sites: labrale superius, stomion, and labrale inferius. The thickness at the labrale superius and stomion points in each skeletal type was the greatest in Class III for both men and women. On the other hand, at the labrale inferius point, for both men and women, soft tissue depth was the least in Class III and the greatest in Class II. Conclusions: Soft tissue thickness differences among skeletal malocclusions were observed at the labrale superius, stomion, and labrale inferius sites for both men and women.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.217-229
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the soft-tissue change after the maxillary protraction therapy using threedimensional (3D) facial images. Materials and Methods: This study used pretreatment (T1) and posttreatment (T2) 3D facial images from thirteen Class III malocclusion patients (6 boys and 7 girls; mean age, $8.9{\pm}2.2years$) who received maxillary protraction therapy. The facial images were taken using the optical scanner (Rexcan III 3D scanner), and T1 and T2 images were superimposed using forehead area as a reference. The soft-tissue changes after the treatment (T2-T1) were three-dimensionally calculated using 15 soft-tissue landmarks and 3 reference planes. Results: Anterior movements of the soft-tissue were observed on the pronasale, subnasale, nasal ala, soft-tissue zygoma, and upper lip area. Posterior movements were observed on the lower lip, soft-tissue B-point, and soft-tissue gnathion area. Vertically, most soft-tissue landmarks moved downward at T2. In transverse direction, bilateral landmarks, i.e. exocanthion, zygomatic point, nasal ala, and cheilion moved more laterally at T2. Conclusion: Facial soft-tissue of Class III malocclusion patients was changed three-dimensionally after maxillary protraction therapy. Especially, the facial profile was improved by forward movement of midface and downward and backward movement of lower face.