• Iberoamérica
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-55
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• 2019

In Brazil, racism exists without the clear definition of race. In other words, because there is racism without a clear concept of race, racial issues are complicated in Brazil. Racism is not just a social problem. It is, above all, a political problem that arises from economic separation, exclusion, and marginalization. From the enlargement process of European colonialism, racism has been the most profound and efficient way of governance of social, material, psychological and political domination of Brazil. From this perspective, this study seeks to research racism in Brazil as a race politics. In conclusion, racial discrimination and racial inequality exist in Brazil. Thus, to study the racial discrimination and racial inequalities in Brazil, Chapter 2 examines the origins of racial politics in Brazil. Chapter 3 explores the relations of Brazilian society and races. Chapter 4 examines Black's resistance to racism as a black movement in Brazil. The first half of Chapter 5 looks at 'racial inequality in Brazil' and the latter sees 'racism in Brazil'. Chapter 6, as a conclusion, discusses the challenges and limitations of racial politics in Brazil.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.27-37
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• 2015

Objectives: As the increasing of the length of the lifespan, more recent policy interest are concerned with how many years of life are lived without functional disability or activity limitation. We investigated the relationship between deprivation and activity limitation at the 251 local authority level. Methods: The data were derived from the 2010 Census 10% sample data. Crude and age-standardized activity limitation rates by gender at the ages of 50 or over and deprivation index were calculated. Mapping and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to explore relationship between area activity limitation and area deprivation. Results: There were considerable differences in activity limitation rate across the 251 local authorities. Age-standardized activity limitation rate in both male and female were strongly associated with the level of area deprivation. Especially, low social class, male unemployment, or non-apartment residents at the local level were strong positive association with local authorities' age-standardized activity limitation. Conclusion: More policy attention is needed for tackling regional inequality in activity limitation among older adults.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.85-110
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to examine whether health status is different according to employment status and income level in wage-earners. We analyzed wage-earners of 2199 men and 1194 women aged 30-64 years, using data from the 2006 Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS). The difference of health status according to employment status and income level was compared with the multiple logistic regression and the standardized concentration index of ill-health. The risk of ill-health was high when waged-earners had low income. The same is true for poor employment status when their employment status was unstable as in manual laborers, irregular workers, temporary, daily workers or part-time workers. furthermore, the wage-earners with lower income and a relatively disadvantageous employment status showed the lowest health status compared to other groups. Ill-health was relatively more concentrated in lower income group and poor employment status. This study identified the existence of health inequality among various employment status of wage-earners. It is suggested that policies that deal with the inequality in social class may have an important impact on the health of the population.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

The purposes of this study are to analyze sex education content in high school textbooks and to suggest new guidelines for high school sex education content from a gender equality standpoint. The study analyzes sex-related content from high school textbooks based on the 7th curriculum, including subject areas such as Technical/Home Economics, Sciences, Physical Education, Social Studies and Moral Studies. The analysis relies on the framework of Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States that covers 4 levels and 6 categories as well as the framework of Choi (2005) that includes 36 themes in 6 different categories. The results of this study are as follows: First, high school sex-related textbooks are focused mainly on human development and human relations. Secondly, there is a lot of level 3 sex education content within the analyzed textbooks. Third, there are gender inequality issues in the coverage of such topics as pregnancy, contraception and sexual violence. Fourth, there are also gender inequality problems caused by content level. This study recommends that gender inequality issues be included in high school sex education guidelines in the future in order to provide improved and appropriate content for high school level sex education.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.3-18
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• 2021

The 'digital divide' is regarded as a latent dysfunction that impedes the intrinsic role of information to contribute to social equality. Therefore, it has drawn great attention inside and outside of academia. The growing interest in the digital divide has been driven by the realization that it can create a serious crisis that threatens a social system compounded by existing economic, social, and cultural inequality, rather than being limited to an uneven distribution of information. In this paper (1) studies on the digital divide published since 1970 are reviewed, (2) studies noteworthy of discussion are selected to assess their academic significance, and (3) the tasks and prospects of digital divide research are explored. Although meaningful achievements have been amassed through continuous interest and efforts of the academic community, two limitations are raised; the gap between pure research and policy research that hinders the working of synthetic imagination, and the intellectual lag falling behind a rapidly changing society. In addition, it is suggested that the operation, curation, and augmentation gaps would emerge as new agenda for digital divide research in the intelligent information age.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.573-586
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to review the conceptual framework of social constructionism and critical social constructionism in the research area of multi-cultural family homes, using a literature review. Fopp argued that social constructionism had an objectivation problem that only considered the actor side as a policy object; therefore he suggested a weaker social constructionist perspective with moderate relativism and the application of feminist epistemology to marginal life for maximizing objectivity. This article explores a conceptual framework for studying the reality of housing of multi-cultural families in Korea in the light of constructionist ideas and presents a review of empirical positivist data to support the framework. Based on results, using the social constructionist framework, five contexts (structural, institutional, organizational, operational, and intersubjective) were reviewed and ideas were suggested to develop an appropriate future situation for multi-cultural family homes. For a weaker social constructionist framework, three National Survey of Multi-Cultural Family Homes data sets were reviewed to determine the real condition of multi-cultural family homes. Further, from a feminist perspective, the empirical data of marginalized multi-cultural family homes were reviewed from the perspectives of gender inequality of decision making, cultural adaptation, and differentiation in housing related areas. In conclusion, two perspectives were useful for understanding multi-cultural family housing in Korea but must be compensated with substantial empirical data for a holistic approach.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.61-75
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• 2007

In ubiquitous computing, shared environments are required to adapt to people intelligently. Based on information about user preferences, the shared environments should be adjusted so that all users in a group are satisfied as possible. Although many group recommender systems have been proposed to obtain this purpose, they only consider average and misery. However, a broad range of philosophical approaches suggest that high inequality reduces social agreeability, and consequently causes users' dissatisfactions. In this paper, we propose social welfare functions, which consider inequalities in users' preferences, as alternative aggregation functions to achieve a social agreeability. Using an example in a previous work[7], we demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed welfare functions as socially agreeable aggregate functions in group recommender systems.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-15
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• 2015

Purpose - This study reviews Cameroon's economic growth, crisis, and recovery, aiming to: review the principal factors of Cameroon's real economic growth; explore the causes of its economic crisis analyze the determinants of its economic recovery; and suggest appropriate policies to ameliorate economic growth. Research design, data, and methodology - By reviewing the relevant literature and economic indicators, we observed that from the 1980s to the present, Cameroon experienced all the possible business cycle phases: economic prosperity (until 1985), economic and social crisis (1986-1994), and renewed economic growth (after 1995). Results - As a result of the economic changes in Cameroon, its macroeconomic indicators have evolved. Poverty and inequality have changed in both quantitative and qualitative terms. Throughout the examined period, rural poverty has become more widespread, deeper, and more severe than urban poverty, while inequality has experienced greater increases in urban areas relative to rural zones. Conclusions -To reap maximum benefits and reduce poverty from these economic changes, Cameroon needs to liberalize trade and foreign exchange transactions to attract foreign investment, especially during the current globalization.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 2019

Andrew Niccols's movie Gattaca (1997) inspired the formulation of the "Gattaca Argument" concerning the negative outcome of biotechnology, which has since been critiqued especially in the context of transhumanism and posthumanism. According this argument the development of genetic enhancement will produce a genetic discrimination and lead us to serious form of inequality. However, in particular transhumanists deny that here are reasons to worry and advocating instead the transformation of human condition in terms of genetic enhancement. Moreover, they question that genetic enhancement will necessarily lead to social inequality. In what follows, we will reexamine the Gattaca Argument and its critiques based on the movie in order to reassess the role the movie plays in the subsequent scholarly discussion. We will argue that existing critiques fall short of capturing the problem posed in the movie - the problem of the inhumane. Based on a hermeneutic approach to the movie we will both reconstruct the arguments and evaluate the transhuman counterarguments in terms of modern history of philosophical ideas.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2021.01a
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• pp.121-122
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 Big Data를 활용하여 우리나라 아동학대에 영향을 미치는 경제적 불평등, 주거, 방임, 가정폭력 등의 생태체계적 요인을 규명하고자 한다. 이를 위해 Google 트랜드의 지난 5년간(2016.01.10.~ 2021.01.03.)의 경제적불평등-주거-방임-가정폭력-아동학대 등의 주제어 중심의 분석을 시도하였다. 분석결과, 경제적 불평등(B=.159, p<.05), 주거(B=.814, p<.01), 방임(B=.248, p<.001), 가정폭력(B=.151, p<.05)은 아동학대에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.